Chapter 3 Energy Balance

Problem Set 2

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3.1 A garden nursery, a centrifugal pump with a maximum capacity of
750 kg/hour is used to water the plants through a flexible hose of 20
mm inside diameter. One end of the hose is connected to the pump
outlet and a nozzle of 12 mm diameter is fitted at the other end.
a) Determine the average velocity of water in the hose and at the
nozzle.
b) If the flow rate is reduced to half the maximum capacity,
determine the jet velocity at the nozzle.

3.2 The capacity of a rotary air compressor is 75 kg/hour. The

compressor takes in air at atmospheric pressure and delivers it
at a higher pressure. The density of air at the compressor inlet
and exit are 1.17 kg/m3 and 4.25 kg/m3, respectively. If the
diameter of the pipes at the compressor inlet and exit are 20 cm
and 10 cm, respectively, determine the average air velocity at
both ends.

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3.3 In an industrial process, 300 kJ of work is needed to compress 4
kg of nitrogen. During compression 270 kJ of heat is rejected to the
surrounding air. determine the change in specific internal energy of
the nitrogen. Will the internal energy increase or decrease?

3.4 It is required to select a suitable blower for the air-conditioning

system of a tourist bus. The blower takes in fresh air from the
atmosphere, passes it across the air-conditioning coils and
delivers the cooled air through small nozzles inside the bus. An
exhaust fan then removes the used air from the bus cabin. The
other relevant information are given below.
Capacity of the bus 40 seats
Solar radiation through the windows 7 kW
Heat infiltration through the roof, side and floor of the bus 12 kW
Specific enthalpy of cooled air entering the bus via nozzles 298kJ/kg
Specific enthalpy of the used air leaving the bus via fan 310kJ/kg
Body heat per adult 120 W
Under steady state condition determine the mass flow rate of air
handled by the blower when a) the bus is empty and b) bus is full.
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3.5 A small petrol engine produces 15 kW of power under the
following conditions.
Fuel intake 0.05
kg/min
Calorific value of the fuel 40,000 kJ/kg
Air intake for combustion 0.70 kg/min
Specific enthalpy of air 300 kJ/kg
Heat loss from engine by radiation and convection 2,700kJ/hour
Determine the specific enthalpy of the exhaust gases from the engine

3.6 A rotary compressor draws 6,000 kg/hour of atmospheric air and

delivers it at a higher pressure. The specific enthalpy of air at the
compressor inlet is 300 kJ/kg and that at the exit is 509 kJ/kg. The
heat loss from the compressor casing is 5,000 W. Neglecting the
changes in kinetic and potential energy determine the power
required to drive the compressor

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3.7 In a process industry a centrifugal pump is used to draw water
from an underground and deliver it to an overhead tank. In the
underground tank the water is at atmospheric pressure and 3 m
below the pump center. The overhead tank is tightly closed and
contains air and water under pressure. The air pressure is 3 bar
and the water level is 7 m above the pump center. The required
water flow rate is 600 liter/minute. Neglecting the change in kinetic
energy determine the theoretical power required to run the pump.
Hints: 1. h = u + pv
2. The change in internal energy is negligible. u1 = u2.
3. The specific volume of water may be assumed to be
constant . v1 = v2 = 0.001 m3/kg.

3.8 In a food processing industry , steam and water are mixed to

produce a continuous supply of hot water. 13 kg/s of water with
specific enthalpy of 50 kJ/kg and 2 kg/s of steam with specific
enthalpy of 2670 kJ/kg flow into the mixing chamber. If the heat loss
from the chamber is 780 W, determine the specific enthalpy of the
hot water produced.
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3.9 In a steam turbine, steam expands in a nozzle to produce a high
velocity steam jet. Steam with specific enthalpy of 35,000 kJ/kg
and specific volume of 1.412 m3/kg enters a nozzle with a velocity
of 20 m/s. The area of the nozzle at inlet is 2 cm2. If the specific
enthalpy of steam at the nozzle exit is 2,700 kJ/kg find the velocity
of steam at the exit. The heat loss from the nozzle amounts to 100
W.

3.10 Determine the typical value for the density of atmospheric air at
sea level in a tropical country.

3.11 Calculate the mass of nitrogen contained in a vessel of volume

5,000 m3 if the pressure and temperature inside are 40 bar and
25OC, respectively.

3.12 In a large hotel warm water is provided for the wash room by
mixing hot and coldwater together. The temperature of the hot and
cold water supplies are 90OC and 20OC, respectively. If the warm
water requirement is 1,000 kg/hr at 40OC, find the necessary flow
rates of hot and cold water. 6
3.13 In a reciprocating air motor high pressure air in the cylinder
pushes the piston against the external load and expands to a lower
pressure. In the test the following measurements were noted:

Internal energy of the air before expansion = 27 kJ

Internal energy of the air after expansion = 8 kJ
Heat entering the cylinder during the process = 2 kJ
Find the work output.

3.14 During the compression stroke of a diesel engine the air in the
cylinder is compressed to a high pressure. In the test the following
measurements were noted:

Internal energy of the air before compression = 3.7 kJ

Internal energy of the air after compression = 12.4 kJ
Heat loss through the cylinder walls = 1.5 kJ
Find the work input during the compression process.
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3.15 In a turbine high temperature gas with a specific enthalpy of
1,860 kJ/kg flows continuously into a turbine, turns the rotor and
leaves the turbine with a specific enthalpy of 530 kJ/kg. The heat
loss through the turbine casing is 140 kJ/kg. Neglecting changes in
kinetic and potential energy of the gases find the turbine work
output per kilogram of compressed air.

3.16 In a rotating compressor atmospheric air with a specific enthalpy

of 80 kJ/kg continuously enters the compressor and is compressed
to a high pressure. The air leaves the compressor with a specific
enthalpy of 426 kJ/kg. During this process 32 kJ/kg of heat is lost to
the surroundings. Find the required work input to the compressor
per kilogram of air compressed.

3.17 One hundred twenty (120 kg/hour of feed water enters a boiler at
a temperature of 32OC. In the boiler the water is converted into
saturated steam at a pressure of 9 bar. A superheater then heats
the steam to 250OC at constant pressure. Using the steam tables
determine the power rating of both the boiler and the superheater.