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Week 6 Nutrition Metabolism
Week 6 Nutrition Metabolism
ESSENTIALS OF
Anatomy &
Physiology
Tenth Edition
Cinnamon Vanputte
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2
Chapter 17
Nutrition, Metabolism,
and Body Temperature
Regulation
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
Lecture Outline
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Nutrition
Nutrition is the process by which food is taken
into and used by the body; it includes digestion,
absorption, transport, and metabolism.
The study of nutrition involves the study of the
food and drink requirements for normal body
function.
Nutrients are the chemicals taken into the body
that provide energy and building blocks for new
molecules.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
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MyPlate 1
MyPlate 2
MyPlate 3
MyPlate
Figure 17.1
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education Source: US Department of Agriculture
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Kilocalories
Calorie (cal): small calories
• the amount of energy required to raise the temp.
of 1 gram of water 1o C
Kilocalorie (kcal):big calories
• 1000 calories
Nutrients 1
Nutrients 2
Carbohydrates 1
Contain C, H, O
H:O is a 2:1 ratio
• Example - C6H12O6
Include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and
polysaccharides
Monosaccharide:
• simple sugar (1 sugar)
• Example - glucose and fructose
Carbohydrates 2
Disaccharide:
• 2 sugars
• Example - glucose + fructose = sucrose
• Example - glucose + galactose=lactose
Polysaccharide:
• many sugars
• Example - starch, grain, vegetables, glycogen
Types of Carbohydrates 1
Simple:
• no nutritional value
• cause weight gain
• Example - candy and soft
drinks (9 tea. sugar)
• Recommended amount:
sparingly
Types of Carbohydrates 2
Complex:
• fiber helps decrease colon
cancer and heart disease
• Example - whole grains,
pastas, rice, bread
• Recommended amount: at
every meal
• Serving 1 piece of bread, ½
cup uncooked pasta
Functions of Carbohydrates
Short-term energy storage
Converted to glucose quickly
Glucose is used to make ATP (energy)
Brain cells require glucose
Lipids 1
Lipids 2
Lipids 3
Cholesterol 1
Cholesterol:
• a steroid
• high conc. in brain, liver, egg yolks, whole milk,
cheese, butter, meats
LDL cholesterol:
• low density lipoprotein
• “bad” cholesterol
• carries cholesterol from liver to cells
Cholesterol 2
HDL cholesterol:
• high density lipoprotein
• “good” cholesterol
• carries cholesterol from cells to liver
• (processed)
• increase HDL through exercise
Lipids can:
• cause weight gain and heart disease
• increase risk of colon and pancreatic cancer
Functions of Lipids
Long term energy storage
Insulates against heat loss
Protective cushion for organs
Cholesterol is part of cell membrane structure
Proteins 1
Proteins 2
Quinoa Soybean
Proteins 3
Functions of Proteins
Vitamins 1
Vitamins 2
Essential vitamins cannot be produced by the body and
must be obtained through the diet.
Vitamin A
A (retinol)
• from provitamin carotene found in yellow and green
vegetables; preformed in liver, egg yolk, butter, and
milk
• necessary for rhodopsin synthesis, normal health of
epithelial cells, and bone and tooth growth
• deficiency causes rhodopsin deficiency, night
blindness, retarded growth, skin disorders, and
increased infection risk
Vitamin B1
B1 (thiamine)
• found in yeast, grains,
and milk
• involved in carbohydrate
and amino acid
metabolism; necessary
for growth
• deficiency causes
beriberi—muscle
weakness (including
cardiac muscle),
neuritis, and paralysis
Vitamin B2
B2 (riboflavin)
• found in green vegetables, liver, wheat germ, milk,
and eggs
• component of flavin adenine dinucleotide; involved
in citric acid cycle
• deficiency causes eye disorders and skin cracking,
especially at corners of the mouth
Vitamin B3
B3 (niacin)
• B3 (niacin)
• found in fish, liver, red
meat, yeast, grains,
peas, beans, and nuts
• deficiency causes
pellagra—diarrhea,
dermatitis, and
nervous system
disorder
Pantothenic Acid
Pantothenic acid
• found in liver, yeast, green vegetables, grains, and
intestinal bacteria
• constituent of coenzyme-A; glucose production from
lipids and amino acids; steroid hormone synthesis
• deficiency causes neuromuscular dysfunction and
fatigue
Biotin
Biotin
• found in liver, yeast, eggs, and intestinal bacteria
• fatty acid and nucleic acid synthesis; movement of
pyruvic acid into citric acid cycle
• deficiency causes mental and muscle dysfunction,
fatigue, and nausea
Vitamin B6
B6 (pyridoxine)
• found in fish, liver, yeast, tomatoes, and intestinal
bacteria
• involved in amino acid metabolism
• deficiency causes dermatitis, retarded growth, and
nausea
Folate
Folate
• found in liver, green
leafy vegetables, and
intestinal bacteria
• nucleic acid synthesis;
hematopoiesis; prevents
birth defects
• deficiency causes
macrocytic anemia
(enlarged red blood
cells) and spina bifida
Vitamin B12
B12 (cobalamins)
• found in liver, red meat, milk, and eggs
• necessary for red blood cell production, some
nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism
• deficiency causes pernicious anemia and nervous
system disorders
Vitamin C
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
• found in citrus fruit,
tomatoes, and green
vegetables
• collagen synthesis;
general protein
metabolism
• deficiency causes
scurvy—defective bone
formation and poor
wound healing
Vitamin D
Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
• found in fish liver oil, enriched milk, and eggs;
provitamin D converted by sunlight to cholecalciferol
in the skin
• promotes calcium and phosphorus use; normal
growth and bone and tooth formation
• deficiency causes rickets—poorly developed, weak
bones, osteomalacia; bone reabsorption
Vitamin E
Vitamin E (tocopherol)
• found in wheat germ; cottonseed, palm, and rice
oils; grain; liver; and lettuce
• prevents oxidation of cell membranes and DNA
• deficiency causes hemolysis of red blood cells
Vitamin K
Vitamin K (phylloquinone)
• found in alfalfa, liver, spinach, vegetable oils,
cabbage, and intestinal bacteria
• required for synthesis of a number of clotting
factors
• deficiency causes excessive bleeding due to
retarded blood clotting
Minerals
Mineral are inorganic nutrients that are
essential for normal metabolic functions.
Minerals include calcium, chlorine, chromium,
cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron,
magnesium, manganese, molybdenum,
phosphorous, potassium, selenium, sodium,
sulfur, and zinc.
Daily Values
Appear on food labels to help people eat healthy
Based on 2000 kilocalorie diet
60% carbs, 30% total fats, 10% sat. fats, 10%
proteins
Used to calculate Percent Daily Value
Food Labels
Figure 17.2
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration
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Metabolism
Metabolism is the total of all the chemical
reactions that occur in the body.
Catabolism, the energy-releasing process by which
large molecules are broken down into smaller
ones.
Anabolism is the energy-requiring process by
which small molecules are joined to form larger
ones.
Types of Metabolism
Anabolism (synthesis):
• energy-requiring process
• Example - ADP + P ATP
Catabolism (decomposition):
• energy-releasing process
• Example - ATP ADP + P
ATP
Adenosine
Triphosphate
Energy carrier
Energy is released
when ATP is broken
down
Some ATP is produced
in the cytoplasm
Most ATP is produced
in the mitochondria
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
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Carbohydrate Metabolism
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions that
occurs in the cytoplasm.
It results in the breakdown of glucose to two
pyruvic acid molecules.
When glucose is converted to pyruvic acid, two
ATP molecules are used and four ATP molecules
are produced, for a net gain of two ATP molecules.
Anaerobic Respiration 1
Anaerobic Respiration 2
Figure 17.5
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
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Aerobic Respiration 1
Aerobic Respiration 2
AcetylCoA formation:
• each pyruvate acid moves from the cytoplasm into
the mitochondrion, where they are converted into
acetylCoA.
Citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle:
• each acetylCoA molecule enters the citric acid cycle
where NADH, FADH2, and ATP is formed.
Aerobic Respiration 5
Figure 17.6
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
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Lipid Metabolism
Triglycerides are body’s main energy storage
molecules
Between meals triglycerides are broken down
into fatty acids and glycerol
Metabolism occurs in mitochondria
Series of reactions where 2 Carbons are
removed for fatty acids to form acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA combines to form ketones
Too many ketones leads to acidosis in blood
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
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Protein Metabolism
Proteins are digested into amino acids
Amino acids are taken up by liver
Amino acids are used to make needed proteins
Amino acids can be converted into pyruvic acid
and acetyl-CoA(Acetyl coenzyme A)
Metabolism results in ammonia which is
converted to urea (liver)
of Food
Figure 17.8
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
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Metabolic States 1
Absorptive state:
• period immediately after a meal
• nutrients absorbed through intestinal wall
• into circulation and lymphatic systems
• 4 hours after meal
• glucose goes to cells and some glycogen and fat
• fats into adipose
• amino acids used in protein synthesis
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
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Metabolic States 2
Postabsorptive state:
• late in morning, late afternoon, or night after
absorptive state
• blood glucose levels maintained by converting
molecules to glucose
• first source glucose is liver
• triglycerides converted to glucose
• amino acids converted to glucose
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
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Figure 17.9
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
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Figure 17.10
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
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Metabolic Rate
Metabolic rate:
• total amount of energy produced and use in body
per unit of time
• basal metabolic rate: energy needed to keep resting
body functional
• used to determine amount of kilocalories need per
day
Radiation:
• gain or loss of heat as infrared energy between 2
objects not in physical contact
• Example - sun, hot sand, snow
Conduction:
• exchange of heat between objects that in direct
contact
• Example - contact of the bottom of the feet and the
ground
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education
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Convection:
• transfer of heat between body and air or water
• Example - cool breeze over body
Evaporation:
• conversion of water from liquid to gas
• Example - water from body surface
Heat Exchange
Figure 17.11
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education ©M.M. Sweet/Getty Images RF
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Temperature Regulation
Figure 17.12
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education