Unit 6 Psychrometry

Unit 6
Psychrometry
REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
Psychrometry is a science, which deals with the study of moist air i.e. dry air
mixed with water vapour or humidity.
Psychrometry is the foundation for air conditioning.
Definitions of different Psychrometry properties are as below.
Dry Air :
Dry Air = N2 + O2 + Other gases (CO2, H2, argon, neon, He etc.)
But O2 (21%) and N2 (79%) are the major portion of dry air.
Molecular weight of dry air is taken as 29 approximately.
While the gas constant of dry air is taken as 0.287 kJ/ kg K or

287 J/ kg K
Moist Air :
It is mixture of dry air and water vapour.
The amount of water vapour present in the air, depends upon the
absolute pressure and temperature of air.
Saturated Air :
Mixture of dry air and water vapour, when the air has diffused the
maximum amount of water vapour in to it.
Degree of saturation : It is the ratio of
mass of water vapour associated with unit mass of dry air

mass of water vapour associated with unit mass of dry air saturated at the
same temperature
Humidity or Specific Humidity (SH) :

Mass of water vapour present in 1 kg of dry air.
It is expressed as g / kg of dry air
Also known as specific humidity or humidity ratio.
Absolute humidity :
Mass of water vapour present in 1 m3 of dry air.
It is expressed as g / m3 of dry air.

Relative humidity (Ø): It is the ratio of
actual mass of water vapour in a given volume of moist air

mass of water vapour in the same volume of saturated air at the same
temperature and pressure
Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT) : ( td or tdb )
Temperature of air measured by ordinary thermometer.
Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT) : ( tw or twb )
Temperature of air measured by thermometer when its bulb is covered

with wet cloth exposed to the air.
Wet Bulb Depression (WBD) :
WBD = DBT - WBT
Dew Point Temperature (tdp) :
It is the temperature of air recorded by a thermometer, when the water

vapour present in it begins to condensate.
Dew Point Depression (DPD) :
DPD = DBT - DPT

Psychrometric Chart
Psychrometric chart is useful for finding out

the properties of air.
Psychrometric chart in normally drawn for

standard atmospheric pressure of 760 mm
of Hg or 1.01325 bar.
This chart is a representation of DBT versus

Specific Humidity and all other properties
are shown by different lines.
DBT taken as abscissa and SH as ordinate.

Psychrometric Chart
Saturation Curve
100% Rh
WBT
Specific Humidity
DPT
DBT
Psychrometric Chart - Dry Bulb Temperature lines
DBT lines are vertical and are parallel

to the ordinate. 30
Saturation Curve
They are uniformly spaced. 25
Specific Humidity
(g/ kg of dry air)
20
Generally the range of DBT is from -6 to 15
45oC. 10
5
They are drawn with temperature

difference of every 5oC and up to
saturation curve (vertically upwards).
-6 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Values of DBT are also shown on DBT (oC)
saturation curve.
Psychrometric Chart - Specific humidity or moisture content lines
Specific humidity lines are horizontal 35

and are parallel to the abscissa. 30
They are uniformly spaced. 25
20
Specific Humidity
Generally the range of specific
(g/ kg of dry air)

humidity lines is from 0 to 35 g/kg of 15
dry air. 10
They are drawn with a difference of 5

every 1 g (or 0.001 kg) and up to 0
saturation curve (horizontal towards
saturation curve). DBT (oC)
Psychrometric Chart - Dew Point Temperature lines
DPT lines are horizontal and are

parallel to the abscissa.
35
They are uniformly spaced.
25
25
At any point on the saturation curve,
the DBT and DPT are equal.
DPT (oC)
15
15
The values of DPT are generally given 5
along the saturation curve.
5
-6
-6 5 15 25 35 45
DBT (oC)
Psychrometric Chart - Wet Bulb Temperature lines
WBT lines are inclined straight lines

and non – uniformly spaced.
At any point on the saturation curve, 25

the DBT and WBT are equal.
WBT
Specific Humidity
(g/ kg of dry air)
15
The values of WBT are generally given
along the saturation curve of the chart. 5
-6 5 15 25 35 45
DBT (oC)
Psychrometric Chart - Enthalpy lines or total heat lines
Enthalpy lines are inclined straight

lines and uniformly spaced.
kg
/
Enthalpy lines are parallel to WBT lines. , kJ
y
alp
th
Specific Humidity
n
They are drawn up to saturation curve. E
(g/ kg of dry air)

Some of the lines are coincide with
WBT lines.
DBT (oC)
Psychrometric Chart - Specific volume lines (m3 / kg of dry air)
Specific volume lines are obliquely

inclined straight lines and uniformly
spaced.
They are drawn up to saturation curve.
Specific Humidity
(g/ kg of dry air)
Values of specific volume are generally
at the base of the chart.
0. 8 80
0. 8 25
0. 8 75
0. 8 00
0. 8 50
DBT (oC)
Psychrometric Chart - Vapour pressure lines
Vapour pressure lines are

horizontal and uniformly spaced.
35
Vapour pressure in mm of Hg
Generally vapour pressure lines
30
are not drawn in the main chart.
25
Specific Humidity
(g/ kg of dry air)
But the separate vertical scale is 20
shown for the vapour pressure in
15
mm of Hg.
10
5
0
DBT (oC)
Psychrometric Chart - Relative Humidity lines
Relative Humidity lines are curved

lines and follow the saturation curve.
0%
ve 8
These lines are drawn with values r
10%, 20%, 30% etc. up to 100%. Cu %
t i on 60
Specific Humidity
ra
(g/ kg of dry air)

t u
Relative Humidity for the value of S a 0 %
4
100% represents a saturation curve.
% i t y
20 umid
Values of Rh are given on the Rh e H
el ativ
curves. R
DBT (oC)
35 35
Sensible heat factor

30
30
kg
J /
Vapour pressure in mm of Hg
, k 25
25 y
alp
nth
E
20 20
Specific Humidity
(g/ kg of dry air)
15
15
10
10
5 5
0 0
-6 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
DBT (oC)
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

Dalton’s Law
The total pressure exerted by air and water

mixture is equal to the barometric pressure.
i.e. 𝒑 𝒃=𝒑 𝒂 + 𝒑 𝒗
𝒑 𝒂 = Partial pressure of dry air
𝒑 𝒗 = Partial pressure of water vapour
Psychrometric Relations : Specific Humidity

Let for the dry air, For the water vapour
𝒑 𝒂= pressure 𝒑
= pressure
𝒗
𝒗 𝒂= volume 𝒗
= volume
𝒗
𝑻 𝒂= absolute temp. 𝑻= absolute
𝒗 temp
𝒎𝒂= mass 𝒎
= mass𝒗
𝑹 𝒂= gas constant 𝑹= gas
𝒗 constant

Assuming that the dry air and water vapour behave
as perfect gases, hence we have
For the dry air
𝒑 𝒂 𝒗 𝒂 =𝒎𝒂 𝑹 𝒂 𝑻 𝒂 1 𝒗 𝒂= 𝒗𝒗
For the water vapour 𝑻 𝒂 =𝑻 𝒗 =𝑻 𝒅
𝒑 𝒗 𝒗 𝒗=𝒎 𝒗 𝑹𝒗 𝑻 𝒗 2 where, Td is DBT

From equation 1 and 2 we have,
𝒑 𝒗 𝒎𝒗 𝑹 𝒗
=
𝒑𝒂 𝒎 𝒂 𝑹𝒂
Humidity Ratio (W) =

𝒎𝒗 𝑹 𝒂 𝒑 𝒗
=
𝒎𝒂 𝑹 𝒗 𝒑 𝒂

Now substituting the values of gas constant as follows
Ra = 0.287 kJ/ kg K .......... for dry air
Rv = 0.461 kJ/ kg K .......... for water vapour
𝟎 .𝟐𝟖𝟕 𝐱 𝒑 𝒗 𝒑𝒗 𝒑𝒗
𝑾= =𝟎 .𝟔𝟐𝟐 =𝟎 . 𝟔𝟐𝟐
𝟎 . 𝟒𝟔𝟏 𝐱 𝒑 𝒂 𝒑𝒂 𝒑𝒃 − 𝒑𝒗
Since by Dalton’s Law we have pb = pa + pv


For saturated air (i.e. when the air is holding maximum
amount of water vapour), the humidity ratio or
maximum specific humidity is given as,
𝒑𝒔
𝑾 𝒔 =𝑾 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎 .𝟔𝟐𝟐
𝒑𝒃 − 𝒑𝒔
ps = partial pressure of air corresponding to

saturation temp. (i.e. DBT, td)
Psychrometric Relations : Degree of Saturation ()

It is also defined as the ratio of actual specific
humidity to the specific humidity of saturated air at the
same DBT.
0.622 pv  ps 
 1  
w pb  pv 
pv pb  ps  p p
   
 
  v
 b

ws 0 .622 p s ps  pb  pv  ps 1  pv 
pb  ps  pb 
Psychrometric Relations : Degree of Saturation(  )
In above cases, the partial pressure of saturated air

(ps) is obtained from the steam table corresponding to
DBT.
Psychrometric Relations : Relative Humidity (RH)
Relative humidity is the ratio of actual mass of water

vapour (mv) in a given volume of moist air to the mass
of water vapour (ms) in the same volume of saturated
air at the same temp. and pressure. Hence,
mv

ms
Psychrometric Relations : Relative Humidity
pv , vv , Tv , mv and Rv =
Pressure, volume, absolute temp, mass and gas

constant for water vapour in actual conditions
ps , vs , Ts , ms and Rs =
Pressure, volume, absolute temp, mass and gas

constant for water vapour in saturated air
Psychrometric Relations : Relative Humidity

For water vapour in actual conditions,
𝒑 𝒗 𝒗 𝒗=𝒎 𝒗 𝑹𝒗 𝑻 𝒗 1
For water vapour in saturated air,
𝒑 𝒔 𝒗 𝒔 =𝒎 𝒔 𝑹 𝒔 𝑻 𝒔 2
Also we have
𝒗 𝒗 =𝒗 𝒔 𝑻 𝒗 =𝑻 𝒔
and 𝑹 𝒗 =𝑹 𝒔 =𝟎 . 𝟒𝟔𝟏 𝒌𝑱 / 𝒌𝒈𝑲

From equation 1 and 2 we have, relative humidity as,
mv 𝑝 𝑣
 ¿
ms 𝑝 𝑠
mv 𝑝 𝑣
 ¿
ms 𝑝 𝑠
Thus, the relative humidity may also be defined as,
The ratio of actual partial pressure of water vapour
(pv) in moist air at a given DBT to the saturation
pressure of water vapour (ps) at the same temperature
(i.e. at DBT).
Relation between :
Degree of Saturation & Relative Humidity
Degree of saturation Relative Humidity is

is given as, given as,
 ps 
 1   mv 𝑝 𝑣
pv pb 
µ   ¿
ps 1  pv  ms 𝑝 𝑠
 pb 
Relation between :
According to both the correlation we get,
μ
Ø=
𝑝𝑠
1 −( 1 − μ)
𝑝𝑏
Relation between :
Findings –
If the relative humidity, Ø = pv/ps = 0, the humidity ratio
μ = 0.
If the relative humidity, Ø = pv/ps = 1, the humidity ratio
μ = 1.
Thus the humidity ratio, μ, lies between 0 and 1.
For saturated air, the relative humidity is 100%.
Pressure of water vapour

According to Carrier’s equation, the partial pressure of
water vapour is given as,
( 𝒑 𝒃 − 𝒑𝒘 ) ( 𝒕𝒅 − 𝒕 𝒘 )
𝒑 𝒗= 𝒑 𝒘 −
𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟒 − 𝟏 .𝟒𝟒 𝒕 𝒘
pw = saturation pressure corresponding to WBT
(from Steam Table)
pb = Barometric pressure
td = DBT
tw = WBT
Vapour density OR Absolute humidity

Defined as the mass of water vapour present in 1 m of
3
dry air.
Let
vv = volume of water vapour in m3/ kg of dry air at its partial
pressure
va = volume of dry air in m3/ kg of dry air at its partial pressure
ρv = density of water vapour in kg/ m3 corresponding to its partial
pressure and DBT td
ρa = density of dry air in kg/ m3 of dry air
Mass of water vapour given as, 𝒎𝒗 =𝒗 𝒗 ρ 𝒗 1

Mass of dry air given as, 𝒎𝒂 =𝒗 𝒂 ρ𝒂 2
Dividing equation 1 by equation 2
𝒎𝒗 𝒗 𝒗 ρ 𝒗
= ………. Humidity Ratio (W)
𝒎𝒂 𝒗 𝒂 ρ 𝒂

Since va = vv
𝒎𝒗 ρ𝒗
𝑾= = or 𝝆 𝒗 =𝑾 𝝆 𝒂 3
𝒎𝒂 ρ𝒂
Also we have, 𝒑 𝒂 𝒗 𝒂 =𝒎𝒂 𝑹 𝒂 𝑻 𝒅
𝟏
Since 𝒗 𝒂 = and 𝒎𝒂 =𝟏 𝒌𝒈
ρ𝒂

𝟏 𝒑𝒂
Therefore 𝒑 𝒂 = 𝑹𝒂 𝑻 𝒅 OR ρ 𝒂=
ρ𝒂 𝑹𝒂 𝑻 𝒅
From equation 3 we have,
pa = pressure of air in kN/ m2

Ra = Gas constant for air = 0.287 kJ/ kg K
Td = DBT in K
Enthalpy of moist air

Enthalpy of moist air =
Enthalpy of dry air + Enthalpy of water vapour associated with dry air
Enthalpy of 1 kg of dry air is given as,
ha = cpa td
cpa = Sp. heat of dry air = 1.005 kJ/ kg K
td = DBT

Enthalpy of water vapour associated with 1 kg of dry air is given as,
hv = W h s
W = mass of water vapour in 1 kg of dry air (i.e. specific humidity)
hs = enthalpy of water vapour per kg of dry air at dew point temp. (tdp)

If the moist air is superheated, then the enthalpy of water vapour is given
as,
= W cps (td – tdp)
cps = Sp. Heat of superheated water vapour = 1.9 kJ/ kg K
td - tdp = Degree of superheat of the water vapour


Therefore, total enthalpy of superheated water vapour is given as,
h = cpa td + W hs + W cps (td – tdp)

¿ 𝒄 𝒑𝒂 𝒕 𝒅 +𝑾 [ 𝒉 𝒇𝒅𝒑 +𝒉 𝒇𝒈𝒅𝒑 +𝒄 𝒑𝒔 ( 𝒕 𝒅 − 𝒕 𝒅𝒑 ) ]
¿ 𝒄 𝒑𝒂 𝒕 𝒅 +𝑾 [ 𝟒 . 𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒑 + 𝒉𝒇𝒈𝒅𝒑 + 𝒄𝒑𝒔 ( 𝒕 𝒅 − 𝒕 𝒅𝒑 ) ]
where, 𝒉 𝒔 =𝒉 𝒇𝒅𝒑 + 𝒉𝒇𝒈𝒅𝒑 and 𝒉 𝒇𝒅𝒑 =𝟒 . 𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒑


Total enthalpy of superheated water vapour is given as,
𝑾 =( 𝒄 𝒑𝒂 +𝑾 𝒄 𝒑𝒔 ) 𝒕 𝒅 +𝑾 [ 𝒉𝒇𝒈𝒅𝒑 +𝟐 . 𝟑 𝒕 𝒅𝒑 ]
The term (cpa + Wcps) is called humid specific heat (cpm)

It is the specific heat or heat capacity of moist air, i.e. (1+W)
kg/kg of dry air.
The general value of humid specific heat in air conditioning
is taken as 1.022 kJ/ kg K

h=1.022 𝑡 𝑑 +𝑊 ( h 𝑓𝑔𝑑𝑝 +2.3 𝑡 𝑑𝑝 ) … … 𝑘𝐽
hfgdp = Latent heat of vaporisation of water corresponding

to DPT (from Steam Table)
Psychrometric Process
1 Sensible Heating
2 Sensible Cooling
kg
J /
3 Humidification y, k
3
alp
Specific Humidity
th
(g/ kg of dry air)

En
4 Dehumidification
2 1
4
-6 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
DBT (oC)
Sensible Heating
Steam Out
h3
Heating Coil 3 h2
(td3)
Sp. hum.
h1
1 2 3
Air In Air Out w1 = w 2
td1 td2 Ø1 Ø2
1 2
td1 td2 td3
DBT
Steam In
Sensible Heating
Amount of heat added during sensible heating is,
𝒒= 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏
𝒒=𝒄𝒑𝒂 ( 𝒕 𝒅 𝟐 −𝒕 𝒅 𝟏) +𝒘 𝒄 𝒑𝒔 ( 𝒕 𝒅 𝟐 − 𝒕 𝒅 𝟏) ..…. w1 = w2 = w
𝒒= ( 𝒄 𝒑𝒂 +𝒘 𝒄 𝒑𝒔 )( 𝒕 𝒅 𝟐 −𝒕 𝒅 𝟏 )
𝒒=𝒄𝒑𝒎 ( 𝒕 𝒅 𝟐 − 𝒕 𝒅 𝟏 )
cpm = cpa + w cps = humid specific heat ~ 1.022 kJ/ kg K
Heat added, 𝒒=𝟏 . 𝟎𝟐𝟐 ( 𝒕 𝒅 𝟐 −𝒕 𝒅 𝟏 ) … … 𝒌𝑱 / 𝒌𝒈

Sensible Cooling
Refrigerant Out h1
h2
Cooling Coil 3
Sp. hum.
(td3) h3
tdp 3 2 1
Air In Air Out w1 = w 2
td1 td2 Ø2
Ø1
1 2
td3 td2 td1
DBT
Refrigerant In
Sensible cooling can be done up to DPT. The cooling below this
temperature will result in the condensation of moisture.
Sensible Cooling
Amount of heat added during sensible heating is,
𝒒= 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐
𝒒=𝒄𝒑𝒂 ( 𝒕 𝒅 𝟏 −𝒕 𝒅 𝟐) +𝒘 𝒄 𝒑𝒔 ( 𝒕 𝒅 𝟏 − 𝒕 𝒅 𝟐) ..…. w1 = w2 = w
𝒒= ( 𝒄 𝒑𝒂 +𝒘 𝒄 𝒑𝒔 )( 𝒕 𝒅 𝟏 −𝒕 𝒅 𝟐 )
𝒒=𝒄𝒑𝒎 ( 𝒕 𝒅 𝟏 − 𝒕 𝒅 𝟐 )
cpm = cpa + w cps = humid specific heat ~ 1.022 kJ/ kg K
Heat rejected, 𝒒=𝟏 . 𝟎𝟐𝟐 ( 𝒕 𝒅 𝟏 −𝒕 𝒅 𝟐 ) … … 𝒌𝑱 / 𝒌𝒈

Sensible Cooling
For a/cing purposes, the Sensible Heat per min. is given as,
𝑺𝑯=𝒎 𝒂 𝒄 𝒑𝒎 𝛥 𝒕=𝒗 𝜌 𝒄 𝒑𝒎 𝛥 𝒕 ………𝒌𝑱 /𝒎𝒊𝒏
v = rate of dry air flowing in m 3/min
𝜌 = density of moist air at 20oC & 50% Rh (sp. a/cing appl.)
= 1.2 kg/m3 of dry air
cpm = humid specific heat = 1.022 kJ/kg K
𝛥 t = td1 – td2 = difference of DBT between entering and

leaving conditions of air in oC
Sensible Cooling
Hence the Sensible Heat per min. for air conditioning

purpose is given as,
𝒌𝑱
𝑺𝑯=𝟎 . 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟒 𝒗 𝛥𝒕 … … … 𝒐𝒓 𝒌𝑾
𝒔𝒆𝒄
By – pass factor of Heating and Cooling Coil

NOTE –
The temperature of the air coming out of the apparatus (t d2)

will be less than surface temperature of heating coil (t d3)
The temperature of the air coming out of the apparatus (t d2)

will be more than the surface temperature of cooling coil
(td3)
Let 1 kg of air at td1 td1 Insulating

Apparatus
temp. is passed over
the coil having coil x kg td3
1 kg Air out
1 kg Air in
surface temperature td3 (1-x )
(td1) kg (td2)
Consideration when air
passes over the coil - Coil
x kg of air is by-passes the coil (unaffected the coil)

(1-x) kg of air comes in direct contact with the coil (affected
the coil)
This by-pass process of td1 Insulating

Apparatus
air i.e. the unaffected air
to the coil, is measured x kg td3
1 kg Air in 1 kg Air out
in terms of a by pass (1-x )
factor. (td1) kg (td2)
Coil
By-pass factor depends up on following factors –
1. Number of fins provided in a unit length i.e. the pitch of

the cooling coil fins.
2. The number of rows in a coil in the direction of flow.
3. The velocity of flow of air.


Enthalpy Balance –
Enthalpy of outlet air =

Enthalpy of by-pass air + Enthalpy of air which comes in
direct contact with the coil
𝒎 𝒄 𝒑𝒎 𝒕 𝒅 𝟐=𝒙 𝒄𝒑𝒎 𝒕 𝒅 𝟏+ (𝟏 − 𝒙 ) 𝒄 𝒑𝒎 𝒕 𝒅 𝟑
𝟏 𝒄 𝒑𝒎 𝒕 𝒅 𝟐=𝒙 𝒄 𝒑𝒎 𝒕 𝒅 𝟏+ ( 𝟏− 𝒙 ) 𝒄 𝒑𝒎 𝒕 𝒅 𝟑
where cpm = Specific humid heat


Enthalpy Balance –
𝟏 𝒄 𝒑𝒎 𝒕 𝒅 𝟐=𝒙 𝒄 𝒑𝒎 𝒕 𝒅 𝟏+ ( 𝟏− 𝒙 ) 𝒄 𝒑𝒎 𝒕 𝒅 𝟑
𝒙 ( 𝒕 𝒅 𝟑 −𝒕 𝒅 𝟏 )= 𝒕 𝒅 𝟑 −𝒕 𝒅 𝟐
𝒕 𝒅𝟑−𝒕 𝒅𝟐
𝒙=
𝒕 𝒅𝟑−𝒕 𝒅𝟏
where x is called as by-pass factor and represented as

BPF.
By – pass factor of Heating Coil
𝒕 𝒅 𝟑 −𝒕 𝒅 𝟐
𝑩𝑷𝑭 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒐𝒊𝒍 =
𝒕 𝒅 𝟑 −𝒕 𝒅 𝟏
𝑪𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑 . ( 𝒕 𝒅 𝟑 ) − 𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑 . ( 𝒕 𝒅 𝟐 )

𝑩𝑷𝑭 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒐𝒊𝒍 =
𝑪𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑 . ( 𝒕 𝒅 𝟑 ) − 𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑 . ( 𝒕 𝒅 𝟏 )
By – pass factor of Cooling Coil
𝒕 𝒅 𝟐 −𝒕 𝒅 𝟑
𝑩𝑷𝑭 𝑪𝒐𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒐𝒊𝒍 =
𝒕 𝒅 𝟏 −𝒕 𝒅 𝟑
𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑 . ( 𝒕 𝒅 𝟐 ) − 𝑪𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑 . ( 𝒕 𝒅 𝟑 )

𝑩𝑷𝑭 𝑪𝒐𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒐𝒊𝒍 =
𝑨𝒊𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑 . ( 𝒕 𝒅 𝟏 ) − 𝑪𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑 . ( 𝒕 𝒅 𝟑 )
Conclusion –
The performance of a heating or cooling coil is measured in

terms of a BPF.
Coil with low BPF has better performance.

Efficiency of Heating Coil
The term (1 – BPF) is known as efficiency of coil or contact

factor.
Efficiency of heating coil given as,
𝒕 𝒅 𝟑 − 𝒕 𝒅 𝟐 𝒕 𝒅 𝟐 −𝒕 𝒅 𝟏
η 𝑯 =𝟏 − 𝑩𝑷𝑭 =𝟏 − =
𝒕 𝒅 𝟑 − 𝒕 𝒅 𝟏 𝒕 𝒅 𝟑 −𝒕 𝒅 𝟏
Efficiency of Cooling Coil
Efficiency of cooling coil given as,
𝒕 𝒅 𝟐 − 𝒕 𝒅 𝟑 𝒕 𝒅 𝟏 −𝒕 𝒅 𝟐
η 𝑪 =𝟏− 𝑩𝑷𝑭 =𝟏 − =
𝒕 𝒅 𝟏 − 𝒕 𝒅 𝟑 𝒕 𝒅 𝟏 −𝒕 𝒅 𝟑
Humidification
Addition of moisture to the
Sp. hum.
air, without change in its h2
DBT is known as h1
humidification. 2
w2
Ø2
1
w1
Heat added during Ø1
humidification process is td = td1 = td2
DBT
as shown in figure.
Humidification
DBT during humidification
Sp. hum.
process remains constant, h2
hence the sensible heat h1
during humidification also 2
w2
remains constant. Ø2
1
w1
Ø1
td = td1 = td2
DBT
Humidification
The change in enthalpy per
Sp. hum.
kg of dry air (i.e. h2 – h1) due h2
to increased moisture h1
2
content (from Ø1 to Ø2) is w2
Ø2
equal to difference in
specific humidity (i.e. w2 – w1) 1
w1
Ø1
causes a latent heat transfer. td = td1 = td2
DBT
Humidification
Sp. hum.
h2
𝑳𝑯 = ( 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏)
h1
2
w2
Ø2
𝑳𝑯 =𝒉 𝒇𝒈 ( 𝒘 𝟐 − 𝒘 𝟏 ) w1
Ø1 1
td = td1 = td2
DBT
hfg = Latent heat of vaporisation at DBT (t d1)

Dehumidification
Removal of moisture from
Sp. hum.
h1
the air, without change in
its DBT is known as h2
1
dehumidification. w1
Ø1
2
w2
Ø2
Heat removed during
td = td1 = td2
dehumidification process DBT
is as shown in figure.
Dehumidification
Sp. hum.
h1
𝑳𝑯 = ( 𝒉𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐) h2
1
w1
Ø1
𝑳𝑯 =𝒉 𝒇𝒈 ( 𝒘 𝟏 − 𝒘 𝟐 ) w2
Ø2 2
td = td1 = td2
DBT
hfg = Latent heat of vaporisation at DBT (t d1)

Sensible Heat Factor (SHF)
Heat added during a psychrometric process may be split up

into sensible heat and latent heat.
The ratio of sensible heat to the total heat is known as SHF

or sensible heat ratio (SHR)
𝑺𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑺𝑯
𝑺𝑯𝑭 = =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑺𝑯 + 𝑳𝑯
SHF scale is shown on the RHS of psychometric chart.

Cooling and Dehumidification Process

1 Sensible Heating
2 Sensible Cooling / kg
kJ
y,
alp
Specific Humidity
th
(g/ kg of dry air)

Cooling & Dehumidification En
4 2 1
Dehumidification
4
-6 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
DBT (oC)
Cooling and Dehumidification
Process generally used in summer air conditioning to cool

and dehumidify the air.
The air is allow to pass over a cooling coil or through a cold

water spray.
h1
Sp. hum.
Final Ø of the h2 3 tdp1 1
air is higher w1
h4 Sp. Humidity
than that of w2 of air
entering air ADP 4 2 w4 decreases
Dehumidification
td3
is possible only
td4 = ADP td2 td1
when td4 < tdp1 DBT
DBT of air decreases
Dehumidification of air is possible only when the effective

surface temp. of the cooling (td4) is less than DPT (tdp1) of the
air entering the coil.
Effective surface temp. of the coil is known as apparatus dew

point (ADP)

h1
h1
hA
h2 3 tdp1 1
h2 w1
1
w1
Sp. hum.
h4
A w2
Sp. hum.
4 2 w2 ADP 4 2 w4
td3
td2 td1 td4 = ADP td2 td1
DBT DBT

h1
td1 = DBT of inlet / entering air
h2 3 tdp1 1
tdp1 = DPT of entering air = td3 w1
Sp. hum.
h4
w2
2 w4
td4 = ADP of coil ADP 4
OR
td3
effective surface temp. of td4 = ADP td2 td1
the coil DBT

h1
Under ideal conditions,
DBT of the air leaving the
h2 3 tdp1 1
w1
cooling coil (td4) =
Sp. hum.
h4
w2
2 w4
Surface temp. of the cooling ADP 4
coil (ADP)
But it is never possible due to td3
inefficiency of the cooling coil. td4 = ADP td2 td1
DBT

h1
Resulting condition of air h2 3 tdp1 1

coming out of the coil is shown w1
Sp. hum.
by a point 2 on the straight line h4
w2
joining the points 1 and 4. ADP 4 2 w4
td3
td4 = ADP td2 td1
DBT

BPF for point 2 and the process h1
1 - 4 is given as,
h2 3 tdp1 1
w1
𝒕 𝒅 𝟐 − 𝒕 𝒅 𝟒 𝒕 𝒅 𝟐 − 𝑨𝑫𝑷
𝑩𝑷𝑭 = =
Sp. hum.
h4
𝒕 𝒅 𝟏 − 𝒕 𝒅 𝟒 𝒕 𝒅 𝟏 − 𝑨𝑫𝑷 w2
2 w4
ADP 4
also,
td3
𝒘 𝟐 − 𝒘 𝟒 𝒉𝟒 − 𝒉𝟐 td4 = ADP td2 td1
𝑩𝑷𝑭 = = DBT
𝒘 𝟏 − 𝒘 𝟒 𝒉𝟏 −𝒉𝟐
h1
hA In actual condition Cooling &
h2 Dehumidification process follows
1
w1 the path shown by dotted line.
Sp. hum.
A
4 2 w2
But for calculation of psychrometric
properties, only end points are
td2 td1 important.
DBT
h1
hA The cooling and dehumidification
h2 process shown by line 1 – 2
1
w1 followed a path,
Sp. hum.
A
4 2 w2
1 – A : Dehumidification Process
td2 td1 A – 2 : Cooling Process

DBT

The total heat removed from the air
h1
during the cooling and hA
dehumidification process is, h2 1
w1
Sp. hum.
A
𝒒= 𝒉𝟏 −𝒉𝟐 4 2 w2
𝒒= ( 𝒉 𝟏 − 𝒉 𝑨 ) + ( 𝒉 𝑨 − 𝒉 𝟐 )
td2 td1
DBT
𝒒= 𝑳𝑯+𝑺𝑯

LH = h1 – hA
h1
hA
Latent heat removed due to
h2 1
condensation of vapour of the w1
Sp. hum.
A
reduced moisture content (w1 – w2) 4 2 w2
SH = hA – h2
td2 td1
Sensible heat removed DBT

Sensible Heat Factor (SHF) h1
hA
h2 1
𝑺𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑺𝑯 w1
𝑺𝑯𝑭 = =
Sp. hum.
A
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑳𝑯 +𝑺𝑯 4 2 w2
𝒉 𝑨 −𝒉𝟐
𝑺𝑯𝑭 =
𝒉𝟏 −𝒉𝟐 td2 td1
DBT
The line 1 – 4 (i.e. the line joining the point of entering air
[point 1] & the ADP [point 4]) is known as SHF line.
Heating and Humidification Process
1 Sensible Heating
kg
2 Heating & Humidification kJ /
3
y,
alp
Specific Humidity
th
(g/ kg of dry air)

En
3 Humidification
2 1
4
-6 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
DBT (oC)
ts1 h2
Sp. hum.
h2
Sp. hum.
t3 3 hA
LH
h1 h1
SH
2
ts2 2 w2 w2
1 w1 1 A w1
td1 td2 td1 td2

DBT DBT
ts1 = temp. of entering spray water

ts2 = temp. of leaving spray water

mw1 = mass of spray water entering the humidifier in kg
mw2 = mass of spray water leaving the humidifier in kg
hfw1 = enthalpy of spray water entering the humidifier in kJ/ kg
hfw2 = enthalpy of spray water leaving the humidifier in kJ/ kg
W1 = specific humidity of entering air kg/ kg of dry air
W2 = specific humidity of leaving air kg/ kg of dry air
h1 = enthalpy of entering air kJ/ kg of dry air
h2 = enthalpy of leaving air kJ/ kg of dry air

For mass balance of spray water,
( 𝒎 𝒘 𝟏 −𝒎 𝒘 𝟐 )=𝒎 𝒂 ( 𝒘 𝟐 −𝒘 𝟏 )
𝒎𝒘 𝟐 =𝒎𝒘 𝟏 − 𝒎𝒂 ( 𝒘 𝟐 − 𝒘 𝟏) ……. (1)
For enthalpy balance,
𝒎𝒘 𝟏 𝒉 𝒇𝒘 𝟏 − 𝒎𝒘 𝟐 𝒉𝒇𝒘 𝟐=𝒎𝒂 ( 𝒉𝟐 −𝒉𝟏 ) ……. (2)

Substituting the value of mw2 in equation (2) we have,
𝒎𝒘 𝟏
𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏= ( 𝒉 𝒇𝒘 𝟏 − 𝒉 𝒇𝒘 𝟐 ) + ( 𝒘 𝟐 − 𝒘 𝟏 ) 𝒉 𝒇𝒘 𝟐
𝒎𝒂
For the process path 1 – 2, the h2
Sp. hum.
total heat added to the air during hA
LH
heating and humidification h1
SH
process is, 2
w2
𝒒= 𝒉𝟐 −𝒉𝟏 w1
1 A
𝒒= ( 𝒉 𝟐 − 𝒉 𝑨 ) + ( 𝒉 𝑨 − 𝒉 𝟏 )
td1 td2
DBT
𝒒=𝒒 𝑳 +𝒒 𝑺
𝒒 𝑳=( 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉 𝑨 ) = Latent heat of vaporisation of the increased
moisture content (w2 – w1)

𝒒 𝑺 =( 𝒉 𝑨 − 𝒉 𝟏 ) = Sensible heat added
Sensible heat factor is,
𝑺𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒒 𝑺 𝒒𝑺 𝒉 𝑨 − 𝒉𝟏
𝑺𝑯𝑭 = = = =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒒 𝒒 𝑺 + 𝒒 𝑳 𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏
Heating and Humidification by Steam Injection

Textile Mills (For high humidity)
h2
Air in Air out h1 tw2 2

w2
ma 1 2
Sp. hum.
tw1
1
w1
Steam (ms )
td1 td2
DBT
Steam is injected into the air in order to increase the specific

humidity [Process path 1 – 2]
ms = mass of steam supplied
ma = mass of dry air entering
w1 = specific humidity of entering air
w2 = specific humidity of leaving air
h1 = enthalpy of entering air
h2 = enthalpy of leaving air
hs = enthalpy of steam injected into the air


h2
For mass balance we have,
𝒎𝒔
𝒘 𝟐 =𝒘 𝟏 + h1 tw2 2
𝒎𝒂 w2
Sp. hum.
For heat balance we have, tw1
1
w1
𝒎𝒔
𝒉 𝟐 = 𝒉𝟏 + ⤬ 𝒉𝒔
𝒎𝒂 td1 td2
DBT
𝒉 𝟐= 𝒉𝟏 + ( 𝒘 𝟐 − 𝒘 𝟏 ) 𝒉 𝒔
Cooling and Adiabatic Humidification Process

1 Sensible Heating
2 Sensible Cooling kg
/
y, kJ 3
alp
Cooling & Adiabatic
Specific Humidity
th
(g/ kg of dry air)

En
Humidification
3 Humidification 2 1
4
-6 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
DBT (oC)

Insulated Spray Spray of water or air washer
chamber nozzles
maintained at a temp. (tl) is –
Air in Air out Higher than DPT of entering air
(tdp1), but
tl= tw1
Lower than DBT (td1) of entering
air OR equal to WBT (tw1) of
entering air
then the air is said to be cooled
Make-up water Pump
& humidified.
i.e. tl > tdp1 & tl < td1 OR tl = tw1

Since no heat is supplied or
rejected from the spray water
3 tw w3
as the same water is re-
Sp. hum.
1
circulated again & again.

(Process 1 – 3) 1
w1
Process 1 – 3 follows a path

td3 = tw1 td1
along constant WBT line or
DBT
constant enthalpy line.

In an ideal case –
When the humidification is 3
w3
Sp. hum.
perfect ( or the humidifying
efficiency of the spray chamber 1
w1
is 100%)
The final condition of the air will td1
td3 = tw1
be at point 3. DBT
i.e. At DBT (td3) of point 3 the relative humidity (Ø) is 100%


In actual practice –
Perfect humidification is never 3 w3
Sp. hum.
achieved. 2
w2
1
w1
Therefore final condition of air
outlet is represented by point 2
on the path 1 – 3. td3 = tw1 td2 td1
DBT

The effectiveness or the humidifying efficiency of the spray
chamber is given by,
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒑 𝒊𝒏 𝑫𝑩𝑻 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒑 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝒉𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒚

η𝑯 = =
𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒑 𝒊𝒏 𝑫𝑩𝑻 𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒑 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝒉𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝒕𝒅 𝟏 − 𝒕 𝒅 𝟐 𝒘𝟐 −𝒘 𝟏
η𝑯 = =
𝒕𝒅 𝟏 − 𝒕 𝒅 𝟑 𝒘𝟑 −𝒘 𝟏
Cooling and Humidification by water injection

(Evaporative Cooling)
Let the water at a temp. tl is

injected into the flowing
Air in Air out stream of dry air.
ma 1 2
The final condition of the air

depends upon the amount of
Water (mw) water evaporation.

When the water is injected at

a temp. equal to WBT of the
Sp. hum.
entering air (tw1), then the
tw1 = tw2
process follows the path of 2
w2
constant WBT line.
(Path 1 – 2) w1
1
td2 td1
DBT

Let,
mw = mass of water supplied
ma = mass of dry air
w1 = specific humidity of entering air
w2 = specific humidity of leaving air
hw = enthalpy of water injected into the air
Cooling and Humidification by water injection (Evaporative Cooling)

𝒎𝒘
For mass balance, 𝒘 𝟐 =𝒘 𝟏 +
𝒎𝒂
For heat balance,

𝒎𝒘
𝒉 𝟐 = 𝒉𝟏 + ⤬ 𝒉 𝒇𝒘 = 𝒉𝟏 + ( 𝒘 𝟐 − 𝒘 𝟏 ) 𝒉 𝒇𝒘
𝒎𝒂
(w2 – w1) hfw is very small as compared to h1 & h2, hence it

may be neglected.
Thus the water injection process is a constant enthalpy
process, irrespective of the temp. of water injected.
Heating and Dehumidification

Adiabatic Chemical Dehumidification
Process used in industrial air conditioning systems.
Also used in various comfort air conditioning installations

where low Rh or low DBT is required.
1 Sensible Heating
kg
Heating & Dehumidification kJ /
3
y,
alp
Specific Humidity
th
(g/ kg of dry air)

En
4 Dehumidification
2 1
4
-6 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
DBT (oC)
Actual
Air is allowed to pass over adsorption
dehumidification
chemicals which absorbs the w1
Sp. hum.
moisture content in air thus 1
Adiabatic 3
gets condensed and gives up w2
dehumidification 2
its latent heat.
td1 td3 td2
DBT
Due to condensation – Actual

Sp. Humidity decreases adsorption
dehumidification
(w1 to w2 ) w1
Sp. hum.
1
Heat of condensation supplies Adiabatic 3
dehumidification w2
sensible heat for heating the air 2
and increases DBT (td1 to td2)
td1 td3 td2
DBT
Effectiveness or efficiency of Actual

the dehumidifier is given as, adsorption
dehumidification
w1
Sp. hum.
1
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑫𝑩𝑻
𝜼= Adiabatic 3
𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝑫𝑩𝑻 dehumidification w2
2
𝒕 𝒅 𝟑 − 𝒕𝒅 𝟏 td1 td3 td2

𝜼= DBT
𝒕 𝒅 𝟐 − 𝒕𝒅 𝟏
Adiabatic Mixing of Two Air Streams

Concept –
When two quantities of air having different enthalpies and
different specific humidities are mixed,
the final condition of the air mixture depends upon
the masses involved and
not on the enthalpy and specific humidity of each of the

constituent masses enter the mixture.

Let two air streams 1 and 2
mixing adiabatically.
m1 ,h1 ,w1
1
m1 = mass of entering air at 1
h1 = enthalpy of entering air at 1
3
w1 = sp. Humidity of entering air
m3 ,h3 ,w3
at 1
2 m2 ,h2 ,w2
m2 = mass of entering air at 2
h2 = enthalpy of entering air at 2
w2 = sp. Humidity of entering air
Similarly,
m1 ,h1 ,w1
1
m3 = mass of leaving air at 3
h3 = enthalpy of leaving air at 3
3
w3 = sp. Humidity of leaving air
m3 ,h3 ,w3
at 3
2 m2 ,h2 ,w2

Assuming no losses of enthalpy and specific humidity during
the air mixing process.
For mass balance we have –
𝒎𝟏 +𝒎𝟐=𝒎𝟑 ……. (1)

For energy balance we have –
𝒎𝟏 𝒉𝟏 +𝒎𝟐 𝒉𝟐 =𝒎𝟑 𝒉𝟑 ……. (2)
For mass balance of water vapour we have –
𝒎𝟏 𝒘 𝟏+ 𝒎𝟐 𝒘 𝟐=𝒎𝟑 𝒘 𝟑 ……. (3)
Substituting the value of m3 from eq. (1) in eq. (2)

𝒎𝟏 𝒉𝟏 +𝒎𝟐 𝒉𝟐 =( 𝒎𝟏 +𝒎𝟐 ) 𝒉𝟑 =𝒎𝟏 𝒉𝟑 +𝒎𝟐 𝒉𝟑
𝒎𝟏 𝒉 𝟑 − 𝒉 𝟐
= ……. (4)
𝒎𝟐 𝒉 𝟏 − 𝒉 𝟑
llly Substituting the value of m3 from eq. (1) in eq. (3)
𝒎𝟏 𝒘 𝟑 − 𝒘 𝟐
= ……. (5)
𝒎𝟐 𝒘 𝟏 − 𝒘 𝟑
h1
From eq. (4) in eq. (5) we have
h3
1
h2 w1
𝒎𝟏 𝒉 𝟑 − 𝒉 𝟐 𝒘 𝟑 −𝒘 𝟐 w3
Sp. hum.
= = 3
𝒎𝟐 𝒉 𝟏 − 𝒉 𝟑 𝒘 𝟏 −𝒘 𝟑
w2
2
td2 td3 td1

DBT
h1
hA
h2 1
w1
Sp. hum.
A
2 w2
4
td2 td1
DBT
h1
h2 3 tdp1 1
w1
Sp. hum.
h4
w2
2 w4
ADP 4
td3
td4 = ADP td2 td1
DBT
3``
3 tw w3
Sp. hum.
1 2``
3` 2
w2
tl= tw1
2` 1
w1
td3 = tw1 td2 td1

DBT
Sp. hum.
tw1 = tw2
2
w2
1
w1
td2 td1
DBT
ts1 h2
Sp. hum.
h2
Sp. hum.
t3 3 hA
LH
h1 h1
SH
2
ts2 2 w2 w2
1 w1 1 A w1
td1 td2 td1 td2

DBT DBT
h2
h1 tw2 2
w2
Sp. hum.
tw1
1
w1
td1 td2
DBT
Actual
adsorption
dehumidification
w1
Sp. hum.
1
Adiabatic 3 w3
dehumidification 2
w2
td1 td3 td2

DBT
h1
m1 ,h1 ,w1 h3
1
1
h2 w1
w3
Sp. hum.
3 3
m3 ,h3 ,w3 w2
2
2 m2 ,h2 ,w2
td2 td3 td1
DBT
1
Fog
Region
3
Sp. hum.
Sat.
Curve
DBT
td1 td3
td2
x kg td3
(1-x ) td1
kg
Adiabatic Saturation Temperature OR Thermodynamic WBT
Make Up Water hfw , (W2 - W1), tw

Insulated Chamber
1 2
Water, tw
Unsaturated Air Saturated Air
h1, W1, td1 h2, W2, tw
Make Up Water hfw , (W2 - W1), tw

Insulated Chamber
1 2
Water, tw
Unsaturated Air Saturated Air
h1, W1, td1 h2, W2, tw
Ex. 1:
The readings from a sling psychrometer are as follows:
DBT = 30oC , WBT = 20oC , Barometer reading = 740 mm of
Hg.
Using steam tables, determine :
1. DPT
2. 2. Relative humidity
3. Specific humidity
4. Degree of saturation
5. Vapour density
6. Enthalpy of mixture per kg of dry air
Sol. 1: 1. Dew Point Temperature

Since the DPT is the saturation temperature corresponding
to the partial pressure of water vapour (p v).
Hence the value of DPT is taken from steam table

corresponding to partial pressure of water vapour (p v).
Partial pressure of water vapour (pv) is calculated by using

Carrier’s equation as,
( 𝒑 𝒃 − 𝒑𝒘 ) ( 𝒕𝒅 − 𝒕 𝒘 )
𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟒 − 𝟏 .𝟒𝟒 𝒕 𝒘
saturation pressure (pw) (pb) barometric pressure,

corresponding to WBT convert it in to bar
( 𝒑 𝒃 − 𝒑𝒘 ) ( 𝒕𝒅 − 𝒕 𝒘 )
𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟒 − 𝟏 .𝟒𝟒 𝒕 𝒘
Value of (pw) is calculated

from steam table at WBT 20oC
td = DBT = 30oC
tw = WBT = 20oC
1 mm of Hg = 133.3 N/ m2 ; 1 bar = 105 N/ m2
Hence the value of DPT corresponding to partial pressure

of water vapour (pv = 0.01703 bar) from steam table is,
tdp = 15oC
𝑝𝑣
2. Relative Humidity Ø= = 40.15%
𝑝𝑠
saturation pressure of vapour (pv) corresponding to DBT

(30 C); value of pv taken from steam table at DBT
o

Unit 6 Psychrometry

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Unit 6 Psychrometry

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Unit 6

Psychrometry is the foundation for air conditioning.

Definitions of different Psychrometry properties are as below.

Molecular weight of dry air is taken as 29 approximately.

While the gas constant of dry air is taken as 0.287 kJ/ kg K or

Degree of saturation : It is the ratio of

mass of water vapour associated with unit mass of dry air

Humidity or Specific Humidity (SH) :

It is expressed as g / kg of dry air

Also known as specific humidity or humidity ratio.

It is expressed as g / m3 of dry air.

Relative humidity (Ø): It is the ratio of

actual mass of water vapour in a given volume of moist air

Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT) : ( td or tdb )

Temperature of air measured by ordinary thermometer.

Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT) : ( tw or twb )

Temperature of air measured by thermometer when its bulb is covered

Wet Bulb Depression (WBD) :

WBD = DBT - WBT

Dew Point Temperature (tdp) :

It is the temperature of air recorded by a thermometer, when the water

Dew Point Depression (DPD) :

DPD = DBT - DPT

Psychrometric chart is useful for finding out

Psychrometric chart in normally drawn for

This chart is a representation of DBT versus

DBT taken as abscissa and SH as ordinate.

Psychrometric Chart - Dry Bulb Temperature lines

DBT lines are vertical and are parallel

They are drawn with temperature

Psychrometric Chart - Specific humidity or moisture content lines

Specific humidity lines are horizontal 35

They are uniformly spaced. 25

(g/ kg of dry air)

They are drawn with a difference of 5

Psychrometric Chart - Dew Point Temperature lines

DPT lines are horizontal and are

Psychrometric Chart - Wet Bulb Temperature lines

WBT lines are inclined straight lines

At any point on the saturation curve, 25

Psychrometric Chart - Enthalpy lines or total heat lines

Enthalpy lines are inclined straight

(g/ kg of dry air)

Psychrometric Chart - Specific volume lines (m3 / kg of dry air)

Specific volume lines are obliquely

They are drawn up to saturation curve.

Psychrometric Chart - Vapour pressure lines

Vapour pressure lines are

Psychrometric Chart - Relative Humidity lines

Relative Humidity lines are curved

(g/ kg of dry air)

Sensible heat factor

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

The total pressure exerted by air and water

Psychrometric Relations : Specific Humidity

Psychrometric Relations : Specific Humidity

Psychrometric Relations : Specific Humidity

Humidity Ratio (W) =

Psychrometric Relations : Specific Humidity

Since by Dalton’s Law we have pb = pa + pv

Psychrometric Relations : Specific Humidity

ps = partial pressure of air corresponding to

Psychrometric Relations : Degree of Saturation ()