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Unit I Mechanics
Unit I Mechanics
and
Electronics - I
MESTER - I
Dr.K.Anandan
Nautical Physics and Electronics - I
Unit I : Mechanics
Unit II : Acoustics and Ultrasonic
Unit III : Optics
Unit IV : Magnetism
Unit V : Electronics Devices and Applications
Linear Motion
Circular Motion
During uniform circular motion the angular rate of rotation and speed will be
constant while during non-uniform motion the rate of rotation keeps changing.
Random Motion
Rotatory Motion
Vibratory Motion
Kepler's Laws
Law of Orbits
Law of Areas
Law of Period
Kepler’s first law, the ‘law of orbits’, states that all the planets revolve in elliptical orbits
with the sun at one of the focii of the ellipse (path of the planets).
Observe the figure of ellipse. Points F1 and F2 are called the focii, and ‘O,’ is the centre of
the ellipse. For any point ‘P’ on the ellipse, the sum of the lengths PF 1 and PF2 is
constant.
Kepler’s second law of planetary motion is the ‘law of areas’. According to this law, the
line joining the sun and a planet, sweeps equal areas in equal intervals of time.
Let ‘P1’ and ‘P2’ represent its positions at the start and end of 30-day duration. Let
A1 represent the area swept during this period. Similarly, let ‘P3’ and ‘P4’ represent two
positions of the planet during its revolution for a 30-day duration represented by A2.
According to Kepler’s second law of planetary motion, area A1 equals area A2.
Kepler’s third law of planetary motion is called the ‘law of periods’ According to this law,
the square of the time period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-
major axis of its elliptical orbit. That is, T squared is proportional to R cubed, where T is
the time taken by the planet for one rotation and R is the length of the semi-major axis of
its elliptical orbit.
Gravity
The force on a body in the earth’s atmosphere is equal to the weight of the body.
The value of ‘g’ is different at different places on the surface of the earth. The
standard value of ‘g’ is taken as 9.80565 m/s2. However the value of g varies from
minimum 9.7804 m/s2 at the equator and maximum 9.8322 m/s2 at pole.
gh
g
Escape (Ve) and Orbital (Vo) Velocities
Escape velocity (Ve)
Ve
dR
Let the body moves a distance dR in vertical
m direction against the gravitational force F
Work done = Force x distance
R
M Work done = F x dR
Earth
In order to escape the body from the gravitational pull, the work done by the body to
move from the distance R (Radius of the earth) to infinity (the boundary of the
gravitational field) is given by
Substitute (3) in (7)
-1
m
M
Vo
The gravitational force between satellite and earth is
For the stable orbital motion, Substitute (4) in (3)
eqns. (1) & (2) are equal
We know that
Conditions for orbital velocity of a satellite (V o)
If the injection velocity is not equal to the calculated value, the orbit of satellite
will not be circular.
It should be greater than the calculated velocity and but not greater than escape
velocity.
If the injection velocity greater than the escape velocity, the satellite will not
revolve around the earth and will escape into the space.
If the injection velocity is less than the calculated value, the satellite will fall
back to the earth.
m
M
Vo
Stationary satellite (or) Geostationary satellite
•First Stage − the first stage of launch vehicle contains rockets and fuel
for lifting the satellite along with launch vehicle from ground.
Meta centre and Metacentric Height
Meta centre and Metacentric Height
Conditions of equilibrium of a floating body
Equal and Opposite
The weight of the body acting vertically downwards through the
centre of gravity .
The resultant up thrust on the body due to the liquid acting
vertically upwards through the centre of buoyancy .
The Law of Floatation says that for a floating object, the weight of the
object equals the weight of the liquid displaced by the object.
Archimede’s Principle
If a body is wholly or partially immersed in a liquid, the
resultant upthrust on the body is equal to the weight of the
liquid displaced by it. This is known as Archimede’s
principle.
How do ships float?
Equilibrium of a floating body
The stability of floating body is determined by the location of G and
M
There are three types of equilibrium of floating body.
M >0
(b) Unstable Equilibrium (M is below G)
M<0
(c) Neutral Equilibrium (M is at G)
M=0
(a) Stable Equilibrium M is above G
(b) Unstable Equilibrium M is below G
(c) Neutral Equilibrium M is at G
6 5
5 4
4 3
3 2
2 1
h2
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