Course title: Basic Electrical

Engineering
Course no.: EEE1241

Contact hours: 03
Credit: 3.0
Textbook:

1. A textbook electrical technology by B.L. Theraja

10/04/2023 2
Introduction
In AC motors, the rotor does not receive
electric power by conduction but by
induction in exactly the same way as the
secondary of a 2-winding transformer
receives its power from primary.
Such motors are known as induction motor.
Also be treated as rotating transformer.

10/04/2023 3
Advantages
• It has very simple and extremely rugged almost unbreakable construction.
• Its cost is low and it is very reliable.
• It has sufficiently high efficiency. In normal running condition no brushes are
needed, hence frictional losses are reduced.
• Requires minimum maintenance.
• It starts up from rest and needs no extracting motor and has not to be
synchronized. Its starting arrangement is simple especially for squirrel cage types.

10/04/2023 4
Construction
An IM consists essentially of two main parts:
1. A stator
2. A Rotor
Stator:
It is made up of number of stampings which are slotted to receive the windings
The stator carries a three-phase winding and is fed from 3 phase supply.
It is wound for a definite number of poles., the exact number of poles being
determined by the requirements of speed. Greater the number of poles, lesser
the speed and vice versa.
The stator windings when supplied with 3 phase current, produces a magnetic flux,
which is of constant magnitude but which revolves or rotates at a synchronous
speed (given by . This revolving magnetic flux induces an emf in the rotor by
mutual induction.
10/04/2023 5
Construction
Rotors:
(i) Squirrel-cage rotor: the rotors consists of a cylindrical laminated core with parallel slots
for carrying the rotor conductor which should be heavy bars of copper, aluminium or
alloys. The rotor bars electrically welded to two heavy and stout short circuiting end-
rings thusit is known as squirrel case construction.
The rotor bars are short circuited on themselves so is is not possible to add any external
resistance in series with the rotor circuit for starting purpose.

(ii) Phase-wound rotor: It is provided with 3-phase double layer distributed winding consisting
of coils. The rotor is wound for as many poles as the number of stator poles and is always
wound 3 phase even when the stator is wound two phase. The three phases are starred
internally. The other three winding terminals are brought out and connected to three
insulated slip-rings mounted on the shaft with brushes resting on them. These three brushes
are further externally connected to a 3-phase star-connected rheostat. This makes possible
the intrudtcion of additional resistance in the rotor circuit during the starting period for
increasing the starting torque of the motor. When running under normal conditions, the slip-
rings are short circuited by menas of a metal collar.
10/04/2023 6
Construction

10/04/2023 7
Cage Rotor

10/04/2023 8
Wound Rotor

10/04/2023 9
Why does the rotor rotate?
When the 3phase stator windings are fed by a 3 phase supply, a magnetic flux of constant
magnitude but rotating at a synchronous speed is set up.
The flux passes through the air-gap, sweeps past the rotor surface and so cuts the rotor
connection which as yet are stationary.
Due to the relative speed between the rotating flux and the stationary conductors, an emf is
induced in the latter, according to faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. The frequency
of the induced emf is the same as the supply frequency. Its magnitude is proportional to the
relative velocity between the flux and the conductors and its direction is given by Flemings
right hand rule. Since the rotor bars form a closed circuit, rotor current is produced whose
direction is given by Len’z law is such as to oppose the very cause producing it.
The cause which produces the rotor current is the relative velocity between the rotating flux
of the stator and stationary rotor conductors. Hence to reduce the relative speed, the rotor
starts running in the same direction as that of the flux and tries to catch up with the
rotating flied.

10/04/2023 10
 Production of Rotating Field (2-phase)

10/04/2023 11
 Production of Rotating Field (2-phase)

10/04/2023 Sarjana Shabab, Dept. of EEE, RUET 12

Production of Rotating Field (2-phase)

10/04/2023 Sarjana Shabab, Dept. of EEE, RUET 13

Slip
The rotor catches up the rotating field. If is really did so then there would be no
relative speed between the two and hence no rotor emf, no rotor current and so no
torque to maintain rules. That is why the rotor runs at a speed which is always less
than the speed of the stator flied. The difference in the speed depends upon the
load on the motor.

The difference between the synchronous speed and the actual speed of the rotor is
known as slip.
The term slip is descriptive of the way in which the rotor sliups back from
synchronization.

Sometimes is called slip speed. Obviously rotor speed is

10/04/2023 14
Frequency control of Rotor Current

10/04/2023 15
Frequency control of Rotor Current

10/04/2023 16
• Example 34.1-34.5

10/04/2023 17
10/04/2023 18