Course title: Basic Electrical

Engineering
Course no.: EEE1241

Contact hours: 03
Credit: 3.0
Textbook:

1. A textbook electrical technology by B.L. Theraja

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 Electrical Machine

Electrical Machines that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy (motor action) or mechanical energy
into electrical energy (generator action).
Example: A Ceiling fan or Water Pump or Elevators

So, Two types of action are associated with electrical machines: generator action and motor action

Electrical energy into mechanical energy - motor action

Mechanical energy into electrical energy - generator action

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Classification of Electrical Machine :
Classifications of Electrical Machines:
i) DC Machine
ii) AC Machine

DC Machine: It converts direct current (DC) electrical energy into mechanical energy or vice versa.
i) DC Generator ( Mechanical to electrical)
ii) DC Motor (Electrical to mechanical)

AC Machine: It converts alternating current (ac) electrical energy into mechanical energy or vice versa.
General Classification.
i) AC Generator ( Mechanical to electrical)
ii) AC Motor (Electrical to mechanical)
*A transformer is a type of electrical machine that works on AC energy.

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Electromagnetic Induction Principle:
The production of induced emf in a coil in a closed circuit by relative motion of coil or magnet is
called Electromagnetic Induction.
Electromotive force (emf) is the characteristic of any energy source capable of driving electric charge around a circuit.
Magneto motive force(mmf) also known as magnetic potential, is the property of certain substances or phenomena that gives
rise to magnetic fields.

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Faradays law of Electromagnetic Induction:
First Law: It states that whenever a conductor are placed in a varying magnetic field emf are induced which is called
induced emf, if the conductor circuit is closed, current are also induced which is called induced current.

Second law: It states that the magnitude of emf induced in the coil is equal to the rate of change of flux that linkages with the
coil.

The negative sign indicates the

Lenz Law. It states that The
result opposes the cause.

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Introduction to Transformer

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Introduction
Transformer is a static (or stationary) piece of
apparatus by means of which electric power in one
circuit is transformed into electric power of the same
frequency.

If a transformer raise or lower the voltage in a circuit ,

it must lower or raise currents to keep the power into
the device equal to the power out of it.

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Working Principle
• The physical basis of a transformer is mutual
induction between two circuits linked by a common
magnetic flux. (Φ)
• It consists of two inductive coils which are
electrically separated but magnetically linked
through a path of low reluctance.
• The two coil passes high mutual inductance.
• If one coil is connected to a source of alternating
voltage , an alternating flux is set up in the
laminated core., most of which linked with the
other coil in which it produces mutually induced
emf (according to faraday’s laws of electromagnetic
Induction e=MdI/dt)

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Working Principle
• If the second coil circuit is closed , a current flows in it and so electric energy is
transferred (entirely magnetically) from the first coil to the second coil.
• The first coil, in which electric energy is fed from the ac supply is known as
primary winding and the other from which energy is drawn out is known as
secondary winding.

In brief
The rate of change of flux linkage depends upon the amount of linked flux with the second
winding. So, it is desired to be linked to almost all flux of primary winding to the secondary
winding. This is effectively and efficiently done by placing one low reluctance path common
to both of the winding. This low reluctance path is core of transformer, through which
maximum number of flux produced by the primary is passed through and linked with the
secondary winding. This is the most basic theory of transformer.
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Working Principle
Summary:

A transformer is a device that

1. Transfers electric power from one circuit to another.
2. It does so without a change of frequency
3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction
4. Where the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other.

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Construction
Simplest elements of transformer consists of two coils having
1. mutual inductance and
2. laminated steel core.

The two coils are insulated from each other and steel core. Other necessary parts
are
(i) some suitable container for assembled core and windings
(ii) a suitable medium for insulating core and its winding from its container
(iii) suitable brushing (either of porcelain, oil-filled or capacitor type) for insulating
and bringing out the terminals of windings from the tank.

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Construction
The core is constructed of transformer sheet steel
laminations assembled to provide a continuous magnetic
path with a minimum of air-gap included. The steel used
is of high silicon content, sometimes heat treated to
produce a high permeability and a low hysteresis loss at
the usual operating flux densities.
The eddy current loss is minimized by laminating core,
the laminations being insulated from each other by a light
coat of core-plate varnish or by an oxide layer on the
surface.
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Hysteresis loss in a transformer occurs
due to magnetization saturation in the
core of the transformer. Magnetic
materials in the core will eventually
become magnetically saturated when
they are placed in a strong magnetic
field, such as the magnetic field
generated by an AC current.
In a transformer, the magnetic flux created
by the primary coil induces a current in the
core. This occurs in order to oppose the
charge that produced the magnetic flux
(Lenz's Law). The currents flowing in the core
are called eddy currents. I2R loss present in
the core due to the production of eddy
current in the core. 13
Transformer Core:
Core is used to reduce loss of magnetic flux.

• Normally the core is laminated to reduce loss to a minimum as they interfere with the efficient transfer of energy from the primary
coil to the secondary one.
• The eddy currents cause energy to be lost from the transformer as they heat up the core - meaning that electrical energy is being
wasted as unwanted heat energy.
• Laminated means 'made up of insulated layers of iron 'glued' together' rather than being in a single solid 'lump'. A laminated core has
a higher resistance than a non-laminated one with the same number of domains. It therefore does not get such big a currents induced
in it

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Transformer Core:

 In core type transformer, the coils are wrapped around a core to form cylindrical shaped coils.

Core type Shell type

 In shell type transformer, core is stacked around coil. Coils are usually flat or oval shaped with alternating high and low
voltage windings

Now a days most of the transformer use core type structure. For high power application Shell type transformer is used.

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Induced emf in transformer coil:

f
Similarly in secondary, we have, f 16
So, E1/N1=E2/N2= 4.44f= constant
Voltage transformation ratio:
Here,

primary induced voltage

secondary induced voltagae

In an ideal transformer V1=E1 and V2 = E2 with no load.

Transformation ratio=

As the Power of a transformer is constant as it is a highly efficient

device , we can say
Power in primary side = power in secondary side

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Problems:

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Problems:

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Losses in Transformer

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 Practice from textbook: Example 32.1-32.4,
32.6, 32.7 and related from tutorial problems

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Why transformer rating is in KVA?

As seen, Cu loss of a transformer depends on current and iron loss depends on

voltage. Hence , total loss of a transformer loss depends on volt-ampere (VA) and
not on phase-angle between voltage and current so it is independent of load power
factor. So the rating of transformers is in KVA not KW

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