Introduction and Maintenance

of
Dental Equipments
 Dental History
- 2500 years ago peoples has noticed
tooth decay.
-that was made an evidence of dental
disease.
- Chinese, Egyptian and Greek were in
front to discover for dental treatment
-Chinese cure tooth decay problem by
using acupuncture method..
- Hippocrates “Father of modern Medicine ” find

that tooth problem is related with natural

weakness of body,
- He was against extraction of teeth.
Modern dentistry is developed as cosmetic
treatment.
- Scaling, filling ,polishing, Bleaching, Root
cannel treatment, ortho treatment, denture,
crown, bridge and Implants facilities found in
market.
 Dental categories
1 General dentist -
2 Orthodontist – Tooth binding
3 Prosthodontist – Implants, crown, bridges
4 Oral Surgery- maxilloofacial ,impact
5 Periodontist – Gum disease
6 Pedodontist – Pediatric
7 Endodontist – Root cannel treatment
 Clinical Equipments
- Dental chair
- Scalar
- Curing Lights
- Air Compressor
- Micro Motor
- Air rotor Hand Piece
- Contra Angular Hand Piece
- Straight Hand Piece
- Three way syringe
- Air motor
 DENTAL CHAIR
Dental chair is use for
- Diagnosis and treat dental and oral diseases .
- It is also use at cosmetic care , hair dresser and
ENT treatment.

Types of Dental Chair

Portable Type :-
-This type of chair is generally use at dental
camps for easy carryout.
Portable Dental chair and Unit
2. Manual Hydraulic Type :-
- Manually press by foot.
- Chair elevate when filling oil at piston
by pushing hydraulic block and down by
release oil to tank
hydraulic block to
- Was using at most of the Dental clinics
and Hospitals now replacing by electric
Cahir .
Manully Hydraulic Dental Chair
Manually Hydraulic chair
Electrical Connection of Normal Dental chair

9
12
0
24
0
Air Connection of Normal Dental chair
Hi speed hand piece
cartridge
Water retraction valve
Three way syringe
Air regulator valves
Contrangular Hand piece
 Air motor and Handpieces

Air Motor Straight Hand piece Contra AngularHand piece

4, Electrical Operating Type :-
This type of chair is operate by electric gear
motor to set required position of Dentist. This
motor runs forward and reverse motion as
command by microprocessor system. The
motors generally find 220 VAC and 24 volt DC.
Halogen light, Dental units and other facilities
same as hydraulic chair in addition to micro
motor, air motor scalar, curing light, electric
suction is also can built in with this chair..
Mookambika
Electrical Operating Type Chair
PCB for electric chair
Actuator /Motor
5, Electronic programmable :-
This type of chair is operate by micro
processor system and it commands to
electronic PCB and electric motor operate
as the command through magnetic
contactor relays switching . Halogen light,
Dental units and other facilities as same as
hydraulic chair But this chair can find with
fiber optic hand piece, optic scalar inbuilt,
curing lights micro motors and water
heaters also accumulated at same chair.
Electronic programmable
 Important Component and parts in Dental Chair

-Tapping Transformer (5 Ampere )

0-9,0-12, for Halogen Bulb

0-24 for Scalar
0-35 for Micro Motor
0-18 Volt for Solenoid valve
- Halogen Bulb ( 12v 55 w ), Light Reflector ( cold light )
-Solenoid valve, toggle switch, Suction ,motor ,X-ray view
box
- Hydraulic Block ( hydraulic chair ) water retraction valve,
- water spray valve, Booster valve ,
- oil piston
- Micro switches
 Airotor Handpiece
 The air rotor hand piece is very essential tools of
dental work. We can find 2 hole and 4 hole hand
piece in market . In Nepal we can find 2 hole hand
piece In practical. Normally it runs 2,50,000 rpm in
30–35 PSI of air pressure.
Chalk type and push type hand piece can find
hold burs. Main role of the hand piece is it’s
cartridge. Cartridge is assembled with two ball
bearing front and rear position and one air turbine
at middle. Air penetrate middle of the turbine and
the turbine rotate in clockwise direction.
 General Problems of air rotor hand piece

Hand piece does not No air pressure -Check air pressure from compressor
run Cartridge is blocked -Repair/replace cartridge

No water flow Water capillary is block -Clean water capillary

No water from retraction valve -Check water retraction valve
Water spray valve block -Open water spray valve

Hand Piece Bur is imbalance Use new burs

vibration Cartridge bearing is defect Repair /replace new cartridge
Over air pressure Maintain air pressure

Water leak from Hand piece joint over size Replace new joint
Inadequate tight of collar Gradually tight collar
joint
 Contra angular Hand piece
 Contra angular hand piece is generally use to polishing at
teeth after scaling and it is also use to make cavity at tooth
cannel with using rimer.
Basically it runs with 25,000 . This hand piece can find lock
type and push type. This can run reverse and forward
direction.
This hand piece can drive with air motor and electric micro
motor. It design gear system to drive burs.
General Problems of contra angular hand piece

Hand piece does No air pressure at air motor Check air from compressor
not run Air motor is in Zero position Adjust as need direction
No electric power at motor Check input voltage
Motor runs but E joint inside the motor is Open the motor and re fix
hand piece loose the E joint
does not run

Hand Piece Bur is imbalance Replace new bur

vibration Cartridge is damage Repair cartridge

Over load Hand piece gear is blocked Repair/Replace gear

indicator glows Over pressure during use Make sure using pressure
 Straight Hand Piece
 Straight hand piece is generally use to trim RPD
and bone cutting process during dental surgery.
It is also use in ENT surgery.

Basically it runs with 25,000 . This hand piece

can find lock type and push type. This can run
reverse and forward direction.

This hand piece can drive with air motor and

electric micro motor. It design gear system to
drive burs.
 General Problems of straight hand piece

Hand piece does not run

No air pressure at air motor Check air from compressor
Air motor is in Zero position Adjust as need direction
No electric power at motor Check input voltage

Motor runs but hand E joint inside the motor is Open the motor and re fix
piece does not run
loose the E joint

Hand Piece vibration Bur is imbalance Replace new bur

Ball bearing of hand piece Repair cartridge
is damage

Over load indicator Bur holding lock is not Check and tight lock
glows
accurate
Over pressure during use Make sure using pressure
Modern Dental Chair
 General Problems at Dental Chair
Chair is not elevate and Hydraulic block problem -Check oil
down ( Hydraulic chair ) -Release air from block
Electric motor/ control -Check motor coil/gear.
Chair is not elevate and switch/ PCB problem -check micro control
down ( Electric chair )
switches.
- Check and repair PCB
Light is not glow Check these Bulb fuse
Check switch
Proper voltage
check fuse
Check Wire continuity

Slow and fast down Oil release valve Adjust the valve driving
hydraulic chair problem clockwise and anti
clockwise
No water at spittoon Check these -Check water Input system
and tumbler -Check toggle switch
- Line Voltage
- Check solenoids
- Ph pipe blockage
Electric leakage at Check these -Transformer leakage.
chair - Wire insulation free.

Moving parts Inadequate - Lubricate all the joints.

producing sounds Lubrication - Grease is best.
- Use brake oil for seal
release.

Suction frequently off Sensor problem -Clean suction bottle

Electric chair -Clean sensor rod
Suction is not operate Micro switch problem Check micro switch at holder
Electric chair Suction motor fault Motor fan may touch at cover
Suction PCB Fault PCB input voltage/ regulator
 Dental Scalar
 Scalar machine is an dental equipment which is
use to remove calculus between teeth and Gums
as well as stains from teeth . Scalars generally
built with hi-frequency hybrid circuit to vibrate
hand piece tips and the water solenoid valve is
also connected parallel to flush calculus, stains
during scaling procedure and also reduce hand
piece to become heat due to hi frequency
generation . It is basically found 18 to 34 KHz.
The 18-25 kHz scalar is vibrated by mutual
inductance and the 34 KHz scalars vibrate by
crystals inside the hand piece as known peizon
ultrasonic type.
 Dental Scalar Found/using in Nepal

Ultrasonic Peizon ultrasonic

- Parkell- USA EMS - Swiss

- Bob Cat -Dentsply Satelac— France
- Dentamerica-USA J.Morita – Japan
- NSK –Japan Apoa - Tzaiwan
- Cavitron select Dentsply Bornhart- Taiwan
-Bornheart – Taiwan NSK -Japan
-Bob Cat pro- Dentsply Woodpecker - China
Scalar Machine diagram
Dental Scalars
Solenoid valves
Dental Scalar U2
Round Transformer for curing lights
 Problems and Maintenance of Dental Scalar
# No Power Check These -Line voltage
-Fuse ( outer and inner )
-Voltage adaptor
-Check cables continuity
# No Vibration Check These - Foot switch not latching
-Hand piece cable
-Incorrect tips insert
-Hybrid circuit fault
-Hand piece damage
# No water Check These -Check water supply
-Check Booster system
-Check solenoid valve
-Check Ph. Tube from unit

to hand piece
-Release impurities from

hand peace
# Low Vibration Check These -Scalar tips is out of shape.
- Calibrate hybrid circuit
potential meter proper
frequency .
- Incorrect tips insert.
# Electric shock feeling Moisturized - Make dry hand piece
hand piece - Disconnect body touch
to patient - Replace hand piece
# Irregular vibration Check These - foot press Micro switch
point dirty.
- Hand piece cable semi
connection
 Curing Light

Curing light is used to set Glass innomer cement, primer, bonding

and composite at the teeth as it’s actual procedure. It is principally fixed
within ten second timing interval and dentist use to fix the composites
and related materials within 20 to 40 seconds as the spectrum and
Intensity of the curing light. The light is not ordinary light, it is one
special light which pass through special filter and produce blue colour.
The minimum intensity is required to cure the composite more than 300
nm. The intensity measuring is compulsory every 6 month.
Types of Curing lights.

2, Halogen Bulb Type:- This is normal gun type light. Most Hospitals
and clinics is using this type of light in practical. Generally it operates
12V 75 w, 10 V 35 w, and 6V 10 watt ( Normal Spectrum is output
more than 300 η meter).
3, LED Type :- this type of light is connected Light Emitting Diode
inside the hand piece. (Normal Spectrum is output more than 300 η
meter)
4, Smart laser Type :- This type of light is built with laser light and
rechargeable batteries. This light can cure 100 patients at full charge.
Halogen Bulb type curing Light circuit
 Curing Lights
Spectrum 200 Bulb Size Pin, small cup,12V50W
Round Transformer for curing lights
Curing Lights
Curing Lights
 Problems and Maintenance of Curing Light
Check These - No power at unit.
No light
- Fuse is open.
- Bulb fused.
- Bulb holder rusted.
- Control switch not latch.
- Cable between Unit hand
gun is fault.

Frequent light off Possible cause and - Replace thermostat.

repair these…… - Holder loose connection.
- Relay points rusted.
- Main cable loose connection.

- Hot air exhaust fan faulty.

Poor cure Poor Intensity -Bulb wattage /volt is incorrect
- Filter dusted.
- Fiber optic probe is gloomy.
 Check these - Beeping speaker fault.
No Interval beeping
- Timer circuit fault .
- Relay unit points rust.

No secondary voltage check Transformer -Rated fuse.

-Thermal fuse out of order.
 Micro motor
Micro motor is use for dental clinical and laboratory . In dental clinic the motor is use to
polishing during scaling and bone cutting during extraction. Normally micro motor is operate by
30 to 35 volt DC and RPM of the micro motor is 25000 at carbon brush type centrifugal motor
and 40000 carbon brushless induction motor type.
Features of micro motor
-Hi torque motor
-Reverse and forward provision
-Speed variation
-Handy to operate

Brush Type :- Clinical micrometer 30 to 35 volt 25,000 rpm

Lab Micro motor 30 to 35 volt 40,000 rpm
Micro Motor Connection Diagram
Micro Motor
Micro Motor
 Problems and Maintenance of Micro motor
Check These - No power at unit.
No light
- Fuse is open.
- Foot switch not latch.

- Cable between Unit hand

piece is fault.

Red light glow at Possible cause and - Motor is over load.

unit repair these…… -initially more speed.
-Hand piece is locked

Motor heated Check These -Cutting burs is old/ no sharp

-Bearing is not oiling
-Over voltage
-Long time using motor
 Air Compressor

 Air Compressor is one of the most

important part in Dental treatment .
Most of the European, American and
Japanese dental chair is main switch
operate air press system and that
kinds of chair is not operate without
required air pressure. Generally we can
find following types of air compressors
using in dental field .
1, Oil filled type :- This type of compressor is
normally use for refrigerant purpose. As we
know it is black cylinder shield type about 50
percent of the space is filled with oil and make
easy to locomotion to the bush as well piston
during the system runs. This compressor has no
sound , noiseless and benefit to install inside the
dental clinics, but it is harmful because of oil
particles may sprayed all over the dental chair
pneumatic system, it may makes composite
filling weak, improper and result will falling
composite from teeth and leakage . Most of the
clinic and hospitals is using this compressor.
Oil Filled air compressor
Oil Filled air Compressor
Oil Filled air Compressor
2, Oil free compressor :-
This is Middle grade air compressor for dental
and medical use,
This compressor is constructed with cylinder
piston ring to produce fresh air .Air contains
water particles because of atmospheric air
condensation.
Oil free air compressors
Oil Free Compressor
Oil Free Compressor
3, Complete Air Technology:-
This compressor is also constructed with cylinder
piston with double ring to produce fresh air . But
it has connected condenser and air retrogation
tank in series connection. Moisture are collected
at the retrogation tank and flush out from
solenoid valve at time of pressure limit switch
cut off electricity .
Complete Air Technology
 Air Compressor Maintenance
# No air produce Piston head is over Replace piston
size
Suction vent is close Open vent
Delivery capillary is Check and open
blocke capillary
# Ph. Pipe burst Over pressure Adjust pessure
80- 90 PSI
Use Hi pressure Pipe

# Oil particles at water filled inside Release water from

hand piece air tank tank every week.

# Low air pressure Piston is over size Repair or replace

from compressor piston

# Compressor is not Check These Line voltage

operate Air pressure switch
Over load device
Relay unit / capacitor
Suction System
Hydraulic Bloke of Dental Chair
Bulb Holder for dental chair
3 Way Syringe
Solenoids Valve for water
Airotor Handpiece
Handpieces
 Diagnostic Equipments
 X-Ray (IOPA)
 OPG X-Ray
 RVG
 MRI
Dental X-Ray
Dental X-Ray
X-Ray Controller
X-Ray Controller
Dental X-Ray
RVG Radio Visio Gram
 Sterilization Equipments and solution

 Water Boiler
 Steam Autoclave
 Chemical sterilizer ( Cidex)
 Gas
Steam Sterilizer
Diagram of Steam Sterilizer
Ultrasonic Cleaner
Automatic Steam Autoclave
Manual Autoclave
Manual Autoclave