Database Application

Development
 Overview
Concepts covered in this lecture:
 SQL in application code
 Embedded SQL
 Cursors
 Dynamic SQL
 JDBC
 SQLJ
 Stored procedures
 Stored procedure
 It is often important to execute some parts
of the application directly in the process
space of Database system.
 Why?
3. To minimize data transferring between
database server and its client issuing SQL
statements.
4. To utilize the full power of the Database
server.
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 When SQL statements are issued from a
remote application.

 What’s happen exactly ?

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 What’s happen exactly ?
 When SQL statements are issued from a
remote application.
The records in the result of query need to be transferred from
Database system back to the application.
– For that we can make use of cursors.
 DBMS has resources:
1. Locks
2. Memory tied up-
while application is processing the records retrieved
through the cursor.
Is there any other way to avoid this?
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 Stored Procedures
 What is a stored procedure:
– Program executed through a single
SQL statement
– Executed in the process space of the
server.
– Or-

– Stored Procedure is a function in

a shared library accessible to the
database server.
 Advantages:

1. Can encapsulate application logic while staying

“close” to the data.
2. Reuse of application logic by different users
3. Application logic can be performed directly at the
server.
4. Eliminating duplication of efforts in writing SQL
queries.
5. Avoid tuple-at-a-time return of records through
cursors.
6. Reduced network traffic.

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 Stored Procedure Language

 Things to remember
2. can also write stored procedures using languages
such as C or Java
3. The more SQL statements that are grouped
together for execution, the larger the savings in
network traffic.

Note:-they do not have to be procedures in the PL

sense ;they can be functions.

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Normal Database

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Applications using
stored procedures

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 Creating simple stored Procedure
Eg: CREATE PROCEDURE showreserved
SELECT S.sid,sS.sname,count(*)
FROM sailors S ,Reserve R
WHERE S.Sid=R.sid
GROUP BY S.sid
Showreserved is the procedure name,which is
containing an SQL statement that is
precompiled and stored at the server .
 Allows parameters local variables), loops.
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 parameters
Stored procedures can have parameters:
 Three different modes:
 IN: parameters are arguments to the stored
procedures.
 OUT: parameters are arguments from the
stored procedures.
 INOUT: both
CREATE PROCEDURE
IncreaseRating
(IN sailor_sid INTEGER, IN increase INTEGER)
UPDATE Sailors SET rating = rating + increase
WHERE sid = sailor_sid
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 Stored Procedures: Examples

Stored procedure do not have to be written in

SQL:

CREATE PROCEDURE TopSailors(IN num NTEGER)

LANGUAGE JAVA
EXTERNAL NAME file:///c:/storedProcs/rank.jar

That is dynamically executed by the database

server whenever it is called by the client.
 NESTED PROCEDURE
 Invoking Procedures
Can invoke Stored procedure stored at the
location of the database by using the SQL CALL
statement

 Nested SQL Procedures:

To call a target SQL procedure from within a
caller SQL procedure, simply include a CALL
statement with the appropriate number and types
of parameters in your caller.

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 EXAMPLE FOR NESTED PROCEDURE
CREATE PROCEDURE UPDATE_SALARY
(IN employee_number VARCHAR(6), IN rating INTEGER)
LANGUAGE SQL
BEGIN
SET counter = 10;
WHILE (counter > 0) DO
IF (rating = 1)
THEN
UPDATE employee
SET salary = salary * 1.10, bonus = 1000
WHERE empno = employee_number;
ELSEIF (rating = 2)
THEN
UPDATE employee
SET salary = salary * 1.05, bonus = 500
WHERE empno = employee_number;
ELSE
UPDATE employee
SET salary = salary * 1.03, bonus = 0
WHERE empno = employee_number;
END IF;
SET counter = counter – 1;
END WHILE;
END Sudarshan 15
 Example
 LANGUAGE value of SQL and the BEGIN...END
block, which forms the procedure body, are
particular to an SQL procedure
 1)The stored procedure name is
UPDATE_SALARY_1.
 2)The two parameters have data types of
VARCHAR(6) and INTEGER. Both are input
parameters.
 3)LANGUAGE SQL indicates that this is an SQL
procedure, so a procedure body follows the other
parameters.
 4)The procedure body consists of a single SQL
UPDATE statement, which updates rows in the
employee table. Sudarshan 16
Some Valid SQL Procedure Body
Statements

• CASE statement
• FOR statement
• GOTO statement
• IF statement
• ITERATE statement
• RETURN statement
• WHILE statement
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 Calling Stored Procedures
EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION
Int sid;
Int rating;
EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION

// now increase the rating of this sailor

EXEC CALL IncreaseRating(:sid,:rating);
 Calling Stored Procedures
(Cont'd.)
JDBC: SQLJ:
CallableStatement #sql iterator
cstmt= ShowSailors(…);
con.prepareCall(“{c ShowSailors
all ShowSailors}); showsailors;
ResultSet rs = #sql
cstmt.executeQuer showsailors={CAL
y(); L ShowSailors};
while (rs.next()) { while
… (showsailors.next(
)) {
}
 SQL Persistent Stored
Modules (SQL/PSM).
Most DBMSs allow users to write stored
procedures in a simple, general-purpose
language (close to SQL)  SQL/PSM
standard is a representative
In PSM ,we define modules,which are
collections of
1. Stored procedure
2. Temporary relations
3. And other declarations
 SQL/PSM
Most DBMSs allow users to write stored procedures in
a simple, general-purpose language (close to SQL)
 SQL/PSM standard is a representative
Declare a stored procedure:
CREATE PROCEDURE name(p1, p2, …, pn)
local variable declarations
procedure code;
Declare a function:
CREATE FUNCTION name (p1, …, pn) RETURNS
sqlDataType
local variable declarations
function code;
 Main SQL/PSM Constructs
CREATE FUNCTION rate Sailor
(IN sailorId INTEGER)
RETURNS INTEGER
DECLARE rating INTEGER
DECLARE numRes INTEGER
SET numRes = (SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM Reserves R
WHERE R.sid = sailorId)
IF (numRes > 10) THEN rating =1;
ELSE rating = 0;
END IF;
RETURN rating;
 Main SQL/PSM Constructs
 Local variables (DECLARE)
 RETURN values for FUNCTION
 Assign variables with SET
 Branches and loops:
– IF (condition) THEN statements;
ELSEIF (condition) statements;
… ELSE statements; END IF;
– LOOP statements; END LOOP
 Queries can be parts of expressions
 Can use cursors naturally without “EXEC SQL”
 Summary
 Embedded SQL allows execution of
parameterized static queries within a host
language
 Dynamic SQL allows execution of completely ad-
hoc queries within a host language
 Cursor mechanism allows retrieval of one record
at a time and bridges impedance mismatch
between host language and SQL
 APIs such as JDBC introduce a layer of
abstraction between application and DBMS
 Summary (Cont'd.)
 SQLJ: Static model, queries checked a
compile-time.
 Stored procedures execute application logic
directly at the server
 SQL/PSM standard for writing stored
procedures