Made by Hamar

Marcell MALARIA
 CONTENTS

• Cause
• Signs and symptoms
• Pathophysiology
• Diagnosis
• Prevention
• Treatment
• Prognosis
• Epidemiology
• Society and culture
 CAUSE

• Caused by infection with parasites in the genus Plasmodium.

• Plasmodium falciparum is the main culprit.
• Transmission: Mosquito bite
• Life cycle of the parasite
• Sporozoites
• Merozoites
• Gamectocytes
• Recurrent malaria
• Recrudescence
• Relapse
• Reinfection
 COMPLICATIONS AND SYMPTOMS

• Initial manifestations of the Complications

disease—common to all • Kidney failure
malaria species • Pulmonary oedema
• Pneumonia
• In adults: intense bouts lasting
• Still births
up to six hours
• In children: general symptoms
• Individuals with cerebral
malaria
• Latency period: 9–30 days
after infection.
 MAIN
SYMPTOMS OF
MALARIA

Signs can be:

• retinal whitening
• Enlarged spleen and/or liver
• Spontaneous bleeding
 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

• Classical descriptions of waves of fever arise from

simultaneous waves of merozoites escaping and infecting red
blood cells
• The parasite is relatively protected from attack by the body’s
immune system
• Circulating infected blood cells are destroyed in the spleen
• Parasite displays adhesive proteins on the surface of the
infected blood cells, causing the blood cells to stick to the
walls of small blood vessels
• Can cross the blood brain barrier
 PLASMODIUM Placenta from a still birth
FA L C I PA R U M - Red blood cells are anuclear; blue/black staining in bright
INFECTED RED BLOOD red structures (red blood cells) indicate foreign nuclei from
CELL (CENTER), the parasites.
I L L U S T R AT I N G
ADHESION PROTEIN
"KNOBS"
 DIAGNOSIS

• Due to the non-specific nature of Ring-forms and

malaria symptoms, diagnosis is gamenocytes of
typically suspected based on Plasmodium
symptoms and travel history, falciparum in human
• Malaria is usually confirmed by blood
the microscopic examination of
blood films
• Rapid antigens test (RTD)
 PREVENTION

• Mosquito control
• Insecticide-treated nets
• Indoor residual spraying
• Housing modifications
• Restriction of mosquito breeding grounds
• Medications
• Vaccine
• Doxycycline
 TREATMENT

• Malaria is treated with antimalarial medication

• Artemisinin drugs are effective and safe in treating uncomplicated malaria
• In sever cases intravenous administration of antimalarial drugs and symptom control
Drug-resistance poses a growing problem in 21st-century malaria treatment.
 PROGNOSIS

• When properly treated, people with malaria can usually expect a complete recovery
• Severe malaria can progress extremely rapidly and cause death within hours or days
• Fatality-rates can easily reach 20%, even with intensive care and treatment
 EPIDEMIOLOGY

• The WHO estimates that in 2019 there were 229 million new cases of malaria resulting in
409,000 deaths
• Children under 5 years old are the most affected, accounting for 67% of malaria deaths
worldwide in 2019
• Malaria is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions where mosquito larvae readily
mature
 DEATHS DUE
TO MALARIA
40% of the world’s population is at
risk, most transmission occurs in sub-
Saharan Africa

Every year, there are over 500 million

clinical cases. One percent of
symptomatic infections may become
complicated and develop into severe
malaria.
 SOCIETY AND CULTURE

• Economic impact
• Counterfeit and substandard drugs
• Eradication efforts
• As of 2019, the eradication process is ongoing, but it will be difficult to
achieve a world free of malaria with the current approaches and tools
• Approaches may require investing more in research and greater primary
health care
 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria#Complications

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3056312/#:~:text=INTRODUCTION-,Cereb
ral%20malaria%20is%20the%20most%20severe%20neurological%20complication%20of%2
0infection,parasite%20on%20peripheral%20blood%20smears
.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimalarial_medication