Historical

characteristic
king jhon and
king richar II
 Who is king jhon
John was born on 24 December 1166. His father, King
Henry II of England, had inherited significant territories along
the Atlantic seaboard – Anjou, Normandy and England – and
expanded his empire by conquering Brittany.
Born at Beaumont Palace, Oxford, John was the fifth child of King
Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, John was the half
brother (on the mother's side) of Marie de Champagne and Alix of
France. She was younger sister of William, Count of Poitiers, Henry
the Viceroy, Matilda of England, Richard I of England, Godfrey II,
Duchess of Britain, Eleanor of Aquitaine and Joan of England. John
had always been his father's favorite son, since he was the youngest
son he would not inherit anything (that's why he got the nickname
“Lackland”). He was born around 1166-1167.
 king Henry and queen Eleanor were not together nine months prior
to December 1167, but had been together since March 1166. John
was born at Oxford in childbirth, but Eleanor and Henry spent their
birth year 1167 in Normandy. The Canon of Laon, writing a hundred
years later, says John was named in front of Saint John the Apostle,
when he was born a feast was held in his honor (27 December).
Ralph of Diceto also states that John was born in 1166, and that
Queen Eleanor named him. His family life was tumultuous, with his
older brothers all involved in rebellions against Henry. Eleanor was
in prison in 1173, when John was still a child.. In 1189, John married
Isabel of Gloucester, daughter and heir of William Fitz Robert, 2nd
Count of Gloucester (Isabel has had several alternative names as
history goes on, including Avisa, Hawise, Joan, and Eleanor). They
had no children, and John divorced her in the Lands of Fraternal
Relations, sometime before or anytime after coming to power, which
occurred on 6 April 1199, and Isabel was never recognized as queen.
(Isabel later married Godfrey de Mendeville her second husband and
Hubert de Burgh her third husband)
 Early Life
When Richard became king in September 1189, he had already
declared his intention of joining the Third Crusade. He set about
raising the huge sums of money required for this expedition through
the sale of lands, titles and appointments, and attempted to ensure
that he would not face a revolt while away from his empire. John was
made Count of Mortain, was married to the wealthy Isabella of
Gloucester, and was given valuable lands in Lancaster and the
counties of Cornwall, Derby, Devon, Dorset, Nottingham and
Somerset, all with the aim of buying his loyalty to Richard whilst the
King was on crusade. Richard retained royal control of key castles in
these counties, thereby preventing John from accumulating too
much military and political power.
The King named his four-year-old nephew Arthur as his
heir. In return, John promised not to visit England for the
next three years, thereby in theory giving Richard adequate
time to conduct a successful crusade and return from the
Levant without fear of John seizing power. Richard left
political authority in England—the post of justiciar—jointly
in the hands of Bishop Hugh de Puiset and
William de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex, and made
William Longchamp, the Bishop of Ely, his
chancellor. Mandeville immediately died, and Longchamp
took over as joint justiciar with Puiset, which would prove a
less than satisfactory partnership.
 Richard's reign (1189–1199)
When Richard became king in September 1189, he had already declared his
intention of joining the Third Crusade.He set about raising the huge sums of money
required for this expedition through the sale of lands, titles and appointments, and
attempted to ensure that he would not face a revolt while away from his
empire.John was made Count of Mortain, was married to the wealthy Isabella of
Gloucester, and was given valuable lands in Lancaster and the counties of Cornwall
, Derby, Devon, Dorset, Nottingham and Somerset, all with the aim of buying his
loyalty to Richard whilst the King was on crusade.Richard retained royal control of
key castles in these counties, thereby preventing John from accumulating too
much military and political power. The King named his four-year-old nephew Arthur
as his heir. In return, John promised not to visit England for the next three years,
thereby in theory giving Richard adequate time to conduct a successful crusade
and return from the Levant without fear of John seizing power.Richard left political
authority in England—the post of justiciar—jointly in the hands of Bishop Hugh de
Puiset and William de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex, and made William Longchamp,
the Bishop of Ely, his chancellor.Mandeville immediately died, and Longchamp took
over as joint justiciar with Puiset, which would prove a less than satisfactory
partnership.Eleanor, the queen mother, convinced Richard to allow John into
England in his absence.
 DEATH
In September 1216, John began a fresh, vigorous attack. He
marched from the Cotswolds, feigned an offensive to relieve the
besieged Windsor Castle, and attacked eastwards around London
to Cambridge to separate the rebel-held areas of Lincolnshire and
East Anglia. From there he travelled north to relieve the rebel siege
at Lincoln and back east to Lynn, probably to order further supplies
from the continent. In Lynn, John contracted dysentery, which
would ultimately prove fatal. Meanwhile, Alexander II invaded
northern England again, taking Carlisle in August and then
marching south to give homage to Prince Louis for his English
possessions; John narrowly missed intercepting Alexander along
the way. Tensions between Louis and the English barons began to
increase, prompting a wave of desertions, including William
Marshal's son William and William Longespée, who both returned
to John's faction.
Who is king richard II
 Who is king richard II
Early life of King Richard II At only ten years of age, Richard II assumed the crown,
becoming King of England in June 1377 until his untimely and catastrophic
demise in 1399.Born in January 1367 in Bordeaux, Richard was the son of
Edward, Prince of Wales, more commonly known as the Black Prince. His father’s
successful military escapades during the Hundred Years’ War had won him great
plaudits, however in 1376 he succumbed to dysentery and left Edward III without
his heir.Meanwhile, the English Parliament were quick to make arrangements,
fearing that Richard’s uncle, John of Gaunt would ascend the throne in place of
the Black Prince. In order to prevent this, Richard was given the princedom of
Wales and inherited several of his father’s titles, ensuring that when the time
came, Richard would become the next King of England.When Edward passed
away after a lengthy fifty year reign, Richard was crowned king at Westminster
Abbey on 16th July 1377.
 The reign of king richard
The Reign of King Richard IIRebellion and overthrowRichard's seemingly
impregnable position was more fragile than it seemed. In 1397 he
attacked the Lords Appellant who had prevailed in 1388 and seized
their lands and goods. His uncle, Thomas of Woodstock, was murdered
and Richard, earl of Arundel, executed on Tower Hill. Thomas
Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, and Thomas Arundel, archbishop of
Canterbury, were exiled. In the following year, as memorably
dramatised by Shakespeare in his Richard II (see on stage), the two
remaining Appellants, who initially had been pardoned, Henry of
Bolingbroke, duke of Hereford, the future Henry IV, and Thomas
Mowbray, duke of Norfolk, accused each other of treason. Richard
forbade the resulting duel and exiled both men.
. In February 1399, John of Gaunt died and Richard seized the great
estates of the duchy of Lancaster. This precipitated the crisis of the
end of his reign. In May he embarked on his second expedition to
Ireland. In July Bolingbroke landed at Ravenspur in Yorkshire and
captured and deposed the king. Richard was imprisoned and died,
probably murdered, in Pontefract Castle in 1400.
 Dead of king rihard II
The death of King Richard II(The death of Starvation? ) Why did King
Richard II die of starvation? King Richard II is believed to have died of
starvation on about February 14, 1400 because he was imprisoned at that
time by the new king, Henry IV. Richard II gave up his crown when he
lost the support of many of the lords and powerful land owners. He was
said to be irate about having to give up his throne to his cousin, but he did
so when Henry received the backing of the Parliament. Henry did not
plan to put Richard to death, but he soon learned that Richard was
plotting to retake the throne. It became too dangerous to let Richard live,
lest he attempt to overthrow Henry and to have him killed, so Richard
was imprisoned. It was rumored that while Henry did not have Richard
killed, that he allowed him to starve to death. The exact date and cause of
Richard's death are not known
 Question Time
“kami siap menerima semua
pertanyaan,kecuali menerima
kenyataan bahwa kita sebatas
teman”