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What Is Hepatitis ?
What Is Hepatitis ?
Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. The liver is a vital organ that processes nutrients, filters the blood, and fights infections. When the liver is inflamed or damaged, its function can be affected. It is a parenchymal liver damage due to many agents: Viral infection Non viral (toxoplasma,leptospira and coxiella burntii) Drugs (paracetamol-halothane) Poisons (Mushrooms-carbon tetrachlorid Others (pregnancy-circulatory insufficiency- Wilson disease) Alcohol
Hepatitis Terms
Acute Hepatitis: Short-term hepatitis. Bodys immune system clears the virus from the body within 6 months Chronic Hepatitis: Long-term hepatitis. Infection lasts longer than 6 months because the bodys immune system cannot clear the virus from the body
A
NANB
Enterically transmitted
C B D
other Parenterally transmitted
REPORTED CASES OF SELECTED NOTIFIABLE DISEASES PREVENTABLE BY VACCINATION, UNITED STATES, 2001
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Pertussis 10,609 7,843 7,580 2,333 1,597
Meningococcal disease
H. influenzae, invasive Mumps Measles
Source: NNDSS, CDC
266
116
Anti-HAV Prevalence
High Intermediate Low Very Low
HEPATITIS A VIRUS
Hepatitis A
Most common Infection with the hepatitis A virus leads to inflammation of liver but the complications are rarely severe. Inflammation is the painful, red swelling that results when tissues of the body become injured or infected.
Hepatitis A Epidemiology
Reservoir Human
Communicability
Low
Very low
Source: NNDSS/VHSP
Symptoms Hepatitis A
Nausea Loss of appetite Vomiting Fatigue Fever Dark urine Pale stool Jaundice Stomach pain Side pain
age group:
Rare complications:
Fulminant hepatitis Cholestatic hepatitis Relapsing hepatitis Average 30 days Range 15-50 days None
Infection
Response
Viremia
HAV in stool
10
11
12
13
Week
Hepatitis A
Diagnosis and Treatment Blood test No medicine or treatment to make it go away Rest, fluids, treatment of symptoms Most people recover completely and become immune to reinfection
PREVENTING HEPATITIS A
Hygiene (e.g., hand washing) Sanitation (e.g., clean water sources) Hepatitis A vaccine (pre-exposure)
HEPATITIS A VACCINES
Highly immunogenic 97%-100% of children, adolescents, and adults have
protective levels of antibody within 1 month of receiving first dose; essentially 100% have protective levels after second dose
Highly efficacious In published studies, 94%-100% of children protected against
HEPATITIS A VACCINES
Recommended Dosages of Hepatitis A Vaccines
Age (yrs) 2-18 >18 2-18 >18 Dose 720 (EL.U.*) 1,440 25 (U**) 50
VAQTA
##
Children (>12 months) and Adolescents >97% seropositive after one 100% seropositive after 2 doses
Hepatitis A Vaccines
Adult 1 dose booster dose 6-18 months after first dose Children and Adolescents 1 dose booster dose 6-18 months after first dose