GAS MEASUREMENTS

Total Gas &Chromatograph

PROFESSIONAL TRAINING
 Contents

1. Theory(FID)
2. Formation Gas Determination
3. The Gas Trap
4. Total Gas Detection
5. Chromatograph Detection

Gas Chromatograph
 Hydrocarbon Detection Theory

 Flame Ionization Detectors (FID)

The flame ionization detector passes sample and carrier gas
from the column through a hydrogen-air flame. The
hydrogen-air flame alone creates a few ions, but when
an organic compound is burned there is an increase in
ions that are produced. A polarizing voltage attracts
these ions to a collector located near the flame. The
current produced is proportional to the amount of
sample being burned. This current is sensed by an
electrometer, converted to digital format.

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 Formation Gas Determination
Mud logging is performed by using the returning mud flow line .as a
medium of communication with the bottom of the borehole. There is
a general relationship between the kind and amount of hydrocarbons
in the drilling fluid arriving at the surface, and the hydrocarbons in
the formation as it was drilled detect these hydrocarbons. To do this,
the following equipment is used:
 The gas trap which continuously samples the drilling fluid and
simultaneously removes gases from the fluid
 The equipment to transport and regulate the air-gas mixture from the
trap to the detector in the logging unit
 The gas detector and chromatograph which process the air-gas
mixture into concentration and compositional gas readings

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 The Gas Trap

The gas trap consists of a steel box or cylinder that sits in the mud ditch
(as near to the flow line exit as possible, but before the shakers) and
allows the drilling fluid to continuously pass through it by means of
a hole in its base. An electrical motor sits on top of the gas trap and
has a propeller shaft extending into the mud. The propeller
continually agitates the drilling fluid as it passes through the trap. A
continuous flow of air enters through a vent in the top of the trap and
is whipped through the mud where the maximum mud surface is
exposed. It is this air-gas mixture that is subsequently drawn into the
logging unit.

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Gas Chromatograph
 The Vacuum System

After the gases are removed from the drilling fluid, they are transported
to the gas detector in the logging unit. This is accomplished using a
vacuum pump which is connected to the trap by a length of hose.
Through this hose, the pump pulls a continuous measured stream of
sample gas through the vent in the trap. Formation gases, if present,
are continuously extracted from the drilling fluid in the gas trap, and
are mixed with air and carried into the logging unit via a condensate
bottle, where water vapor is extracted. The flow of air, or air-gas
mixture, passes through additional flow-regulation equipment,
plumbing, and instruments and arrives at the detector where a
continuous gas reading is obtained.

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 Inside Back
Backofofair
airpump
pump unit
Insideofofair
airpump
pumpunit
unit unit

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 Total Gas Detection

The total gas instrument continuously measures total hydrocarbon gas

values based on microcontroller technique with automatic range
switching.
The facility to program automatic attenuation to any hydrocarbon
readings gives direct indication in the front panel and in analog
recorder charts.
It gives precise reading from very low to very high gas concentrations
and continuous display on LCD screen connected direct to Online
Computer System

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 Total Gas Detection

PC

Sample FID Detector Micro Current

Gas Amplifier
Recorder

Total Gas Detection Flow Chart

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 Hydrocarbon Detection Theory

Gas Chromatograph
 Chromatograph Detection
 A chromatograph separates and analyzes hydrocarbons in the gas sample to
determine how much of each hydrocarbon is contained in the sample. The
quantitative sample is carried by hydrogen, pass through the column, and the
different hydrocarbons are separated. The Columns are in oven keeping
constant temperature. Carried by hydrogen, the hydrocarbons are separated,
Methane-C1, Ethane-C2, Propane-C3, Iso Butane-IC4, Normal Butane-NC4,
Iso Pentane-IC5, Normal Pentane-NC5.
 The sensitivity of the detector to each gas is established on a regular basis by
passing a calibrated sample through the columns.
 After injecting a gas sample into column, the time at which the center, or
maximum of a symmetrical peak occurs on a gas chromatogram, is termed
the hydrocarbon gas’s retention time. The retention time is different with the
hydrocarbon’s molecular, oven (column in it to keep constant temperature)
temperature, and the carrying gas’s pressure. For a hydrocarbon gas,
increase oven temperature or carrying gas’s pressure, will decrease its
retention time. The oven temperature and carrying gas pressure should set
reasonably in order to separate each hydrocarbon gas. As showed in figure,
the hydrocarbon and their retention time data is:

Gas Chromatograph
 Chromatograph Detection

Retention Time (min) Abbreviation Hydrocarbon gas name

0.265 C1 METHANE

0.308 C2 ETHANE

0.399 C3 PROPANE

0.531 iC4 BUTANE

0.641 nC4 ISOBUTANE

1.023 iC5 PENTANE

1.217 nC ISOPENTANE

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 Chromatograph Detection

Valco Tubing

Sample
gas
Carrier1 Switch Precolumn
Valve
Carrier2
PC
Detector Amplifier
Column
Recorder
H2
Air

Chromatograph Detection Flow Chart

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 Hardware Description

CPS-KQ-VI FID

Back of hydrocarbon unit Hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbon&&Chromatograph
Chromatographanalysis
analysisunit
unit

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 Hardware Description

Gas Detection Unit Gas Distributor

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 Hardware Description

Column Precolumn

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 Hardware Description

Ignition wire flameout indicator

connector

Ions Collector Ignition wire

connector

Polarizing voltage
connector
Air inlet

H2 inlet

Sample gas inlet

FID Detector

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 Hardware Description

Valve head

Actuator Air1

Cylinder

Actuator Air2

Rotary Valve

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 Hardware Description

Gas in Gas out

Water

Gas Sample Cooler

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Operation

Air and H2 are

ready

Power on GC

No
Check set-up Tune up
Ok
Ignition

current-on time 2 hrs

No
Accuracy check Recalibration
Yes
Save configuration
Operation
Procedure Normal Operation

Gas Chromatograph
Operation

Parameter Setup for CPS-KQ-VI

Parameter default values
 Purifying System
 Air Pressure 4.0 kg/cm2
 H2 Pressure 4.0 kg/cm2
 Gas Distributor
 Air Pressure 3.0 kg/cm2
 H2 Pressure 3.8 kg/cm2
 Gas Sample Pressure 1.0 kg/cm2
 CHROM Sample Pressure 0.4 kg/cm2
 THD Sample Pressure 0.4 kg/cm2
 Vacuum Gauge Pressure 0.0 kg/cm2

Gas Chromatograph
Operation

Parameter Setup for CPS-KQ-VI

Parameter default values
 Gas Distributor
 CO2 Sample Flow 300-500 l/min
 Exhaust CHROM Sample Flow 300-400 l/min
 Exhaust THD Sample Flow 300-400 l/min

 THD and CHROM Sample Flow 600-800 l/min

 Gas Detection Unit
 Air Pressure 1.0-1.2 kg/cm2
 CHROM Carrier Pressure 3.5 kg/cm2
 Gas Sample Pressure 1.0 kg/cm2
 Oven Temperature 80±0.5℃
Gas Chromatograph
Operation

Parameter Setup for CPS-KQ-VI

Parameter default values
 Gas Detection Unit
 CHROM Air Flow 400-500 l/min
 CHROM Carrier Flow 40-60 l/min (Jet)
 CHROM Blow-back Carrier Flow 60-80 l/min
 CHROM Sample Flow 20-50 l/min
 THD Air Flow 400-500 l/min
 THD H2 Flow 30-50 l/min
 THD Sample Flow 10-30 l/min

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 Trouble Shooting
Symptom and Cause
Ignition failure
No ignition voltage
Ignition resistance fault
Leak of H2 pipe line
The improper ration of H2 and air
Oven temperature is not rising
heater strip blew
Temperature controller fault
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Solution
Check the transformer output
Replace ignition resistance
Remove the leaks
Adjust the ratio of H2 and air
Check the heater strip
Check the probe and temperature
controller
 Trouble Shooting
Symptom and Cause Solution
Baseline unsteady and big noise
Chart recorder fault
H2 flow rate too high, unstable
or leak
combustion-supporting gas flow
rate too high
Combustion gas
Ratio of H2 and air improper
condensed water on jet or
collector

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 THE END!

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