Embryology Mid

1 Embryology
Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023

Objectives
2
At the end of this session, the students will be able to;

 Define embryology?
 Identify the significance of embryology
 Explain gametogenesis, transport of gametes, fertilization, and
implantation.
 Explain the period of human development.
 Describe fetal development in different trimesters

Introduction
3
 Human development- a continuous process.

 Previously, the fetal growth and maturation was
evaluated by uterine growth and listening to fetal
heart sound.
 But now days, advanced in knowledge and
technology have provided newer methods for
assessing fetal well being and maturity
EMBRYOLOGY VS TERATOLOGY
4
 Embryology:
 Is the science which deals with the prenatal stage i.e. the
intrauterine development of the human body till birth.
 Is a science that deals with the origin and development of
individual organism.
 Teratology:
 Is the division of embryology and pathology that deals with
abnormal development (birth defects)
 Various genetic and/or environmental factors disturb normal
development and produce
Aynalem birth
Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.tdefects
professor) 10/07/2023
Significance of embryology
5

Bridges the gap between prenatal development and obstetrics,
perinatal medicine, pediatrics, and clinical anatomy.
 Develops knowledge concerning the beginnings of human life
and the changes occurring during prenatal development.
 Help to understand the causes of variations in human structure.
 Illuminates gross anatomy and explains how normal and
abnormal relations develop.

Gametogenesis
6
 Gametogenesis is the processes of gamete formation.

 Gametes are reproductive cells. They are also referred
to as sex cells.
 The sexually reproducing human contain two types of
cells in their body such as somatic cell and the
germinal cells.
 The somatic cells form various organs of the body
and provide a phase for the maturation, development
and formation of the germinal cells.

Gametogenesis…
7
 The somatic cells always multiply by mitosis division.

 The germinal cells form the gonads (testis and
ovaries) in the human body.
 These cells produce the gamete cells by successive
mitosis and meiosis divisions.
 The male gamete is known as spermatozoa or sperm
and the female gamete is known as ovum or egg.
Gametogenesis…
8
 The process of sperm production is known as spermatogenesis

and the process of ovum production is known as oogenesis.
 Human somatic cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes (22
pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes).
 One chromosome of each pair is derived from the maternal
gamete, the oocyte, and the paternal gamete, the sperm.
 The sex chromosomes determines whether an individual is
female (XX) or male (XY).
Spermatogenesis
Sperm
 An actively motile, free

swimming cell.
 Sperm composed of head
( acrosome , nucleus),
midpiece (mitochondria and
single centriole) and a tail.
 Sperm cells are stored in
epididymis.
 Testes are also endocrine
Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t
glands secreting testosterone
9
by interstitial cells.
Spermatogenesis…
10
 Spermatogenesis requires about 74 days.

 Average ejaculate from 2-5 ml of semen with around
300 million sperm.
 Within 5 min sperm reaches ovum in fallopian tubes.
 The life of sperm is 48 to 72 hours whereas
fertilizable life span of oocyte ranges from 12 to 24
hours .
Oogenesis
11
 Occurs in the ovaries

 Starts before birth.
 Ovary has cortex &
medulla.
 Oogonia are present in
cortex.
 Oogonia are produced at
a very early stage
(before birth) and do not
multiply thereafter.

Oogenesis…
12
 The ovum resembles any ordinary cell in its

structure.
 Coverings :
a. 2 membranes :an inner thin delicate one called vitelline
membrane and an outer thick transparent membrane
called zona pellucida
b. Corona radiata: 2 or 3 layers of cells which surround the
zona pellucida when the ovum is shed from follicle.

Oogenesis…
Significance of egg
membranes:
 Provide the protection to the
contents of egg.
 Prevent polyspermia i.e.
fertilization by more than one
sperm.
10/07/2023
 Maintain the
1
3 normal cleavage professor)
of the egg
Oogenesis…
14
 Egg production prior to birth , by 20 weeks she will have 4 million

 It happens by mechanism of oogonia mitosis then differentiate to
primary oocyte.
 When born she will have 1 million left that started meiosis 1 then
no further development till puberty.
 Each ovary at puberty contain 200, 000 primary oocytes.

Gametogenesis….
15

Summary on gametogenesis
16
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
 The production of sperms from  The production of eggs from
spermatogonia is known as oogonia is known as oogenesis
spermatogenesis  Occurs inside the ovary
 Occurs in testes  The major part of oogenesis
 All stages are completed in testes occurs inside the ovary. The last
 It is a continuous process few stages occur in the oviduct.
 Produces motile gametes  It is a discontinuous process.
 Equal cytokinesis(division of Rest in later stages of
cytoplasm) occurs during the life(menopause).
spermatogenesis producing four  Produces non-motile gametes
sperms  Unequal cytokinesis occurs
during oogenesis ultimately
producing one large ovum and
tiny polar bodies(unfertilized )
Periods of human Development
17
Postnatal period
Prenatal period

Periods of human Development
18
 Most development
completed by the age of 25.
 Development can be divided
in to:
A. Prenatal period – before birth
B. Postnatal period – after birth

Prenatal period human Development
19
The prenatal period typically divided into three stages.

1) Pre embryonic Stage: Fertilization to
2 to 3 weeks
 Rapid cell division and
differentiation
 Develop embryonic membranes
and germ layers.
 Period of blastogenesis
 Ends by the formation of germ
layers and appears flattened disc
shaped mass of cells.
 Blastopathies is disturbances at
this period and results in early
abortion.
Prenatal period ….
20
2. Embryonic Stage: 4 to 9 weeks'

gestation
 Most critical stage of physical
development.
 Organogenesis/period of
embryogenesis
 All major organ systems
appear.
 Embryopathies –
developmental abnormalities
at this period

Prenatal period …
21
3. Fetal Stage:
 9 weeks to birth/Period of
fetogenesis.
 Every organ system and
external structure present
 Refinement of fetus and organ
function occurs
 Any disturbances during this
period leads to fetopathies
which may result in fetal death
and abortion Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023
Postnatal Period
22
B. Postnatal Period
 Infancy (birth– 1st yr)
 Neonatal (birth – 1st month
after birth)
 Childhood (13 months– 12
yrs)
 Puberty (12 – 15 ♀ F , 13 –
16 ♂ yrs)
 Adolescence (11 – 19 yrs)
 Adulthood (18 – 21 yrs)

Embryology and Fetal Development
23
 Pregnancy is a sequence of events that normally includes:

 Fertilization
 Implantation
 Embryonic growth, and
 Fetal growth that terminates in birth
Fertilization Zygote Morula (16-50 cells) Blastocyst

Embryo Fetus
Fetal development … cont’d
24
Stages and time Frames
 Ovum
 Fertilization
 Zygote
 Morula
 Blastocyst
 Embryo
 Fetus

25
 Fertilization
 The joining together of the
ovum (egg) and sperm cells.
 Following ovulation as the
ovum is extruded from the
graafian follicle, it is
surrounded by a ring of
mucoploysaccharide fluid (the
zone pellucid) and a circle of
cells (the corona radiate).
 It occurs at ampulla of the
fallopian tube, outer third of the
fallopian tube Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023
26
 Fertilization Influenced by:

 Maturation of both sperm and
ovum.
 Sperm transport: Ability of the
sperm to reach the site of
fertilization or ovum.
 Egg transport: Ovulation must
occur and the egg must be
picked up by the tube.
 Ability of the sperm to
penetrate the zona pellucida and
achieve fertilization.
27
If Fertilization occur:
 Corpus luteum development / corpus
luteum of pregnancy formation.
 Corpus luteum is a temporary
endocrine that is involved in the
production of relatively high levels of
progesterone.
 Luteal cells secrete progesterone
until end of the 4 month and then
regress (placental progesterone)
 Corpus luteum removal before 4th
month leads to abortion.
28
If fertilization doesn't occur: corpus luteum became

degeneration.
 Unless pregnancy occurs, the functional life span of the
corpus luteum is normally 14 days.
 The corpus luteum shrinks because of lutean cells
degeneration change in to the corpus albicans.
 Corpus albicans is the regressed form of the corpus luteum.
 Progesterone production decreases,
 Menstrual bleeding start.

29
 Immediately after penetration of the

ovum, the chromosomal material of
the ovum and the spermatozoa fuse,
the resulting structure is called a
zygote.
 Zygote: is a cell that results from
fertilization.
 The zygote divides and re-divides
forming daughter into Blastomer.
 When the zygote reaches 16 cell stages
it is named morula.
 Is a globular, solid mulberry-like ball
or mass of cells, formed as the
blastomeres continue to divide.
30
 The morula enters the

uterine cavity about 3 to 4
days after fertilization.
 The gradual accumulation
of fluid between the cells of
the morula results in the
formation of the early
blastocyst.
 On day 4 after fertilization
the blastocyst inters into the
uterine cavity.

31

32
 At this time, the hollow fluid-

filled morula, now called
blastocyst burrows into the
uterine lining
 The outer surface of the
blastocyst becomes covered
with finger-like projections
called chorionic villi.
33
 Chorionic villi
 Aid in the process of
implantation into the
endometrium (decidua)
 It also manufacture HCG which
signals the corpus luteum within
the ovaries to continue
production of progesterone and
estrogen to prevent menstruation.
34
Implantation:
 Is embedding or attachment
of blastocyst to endometrium
(decidua).
 It normally occurs in the
upper, posterior wall of the
uterus.
 The point of implantation
becomes the origin for the
placenta and umbilical cord.
35
 Blastocyst: The hollow cellular

mass formed during the early
development.
 An embryo that has developed for 5
to 7 days after fertilization.
 Consists of two primary cell
types/Layers :
1. An outer layer of cells

(trophoblast).
2. Inner cell massAynalem

(embryo blast):
Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023
36
Blastocyst
Trophoblast Inner cell mass
Placenta Chorion Umblical cord Amnion Fetus

37
A. Trophoblast (trophoderm):
 The outermost layer of cells of the
blastocyst that attaches the fertilized ovum
to the uterine wall.
 Serves as a nutritive pathway for the
embryo.
 Develop into a large part of the placenta.
 It proliferates and differentiates into two
cell layers:
1) Cytotrophoblast(layer of Langhans)
2) The syncytiotrophoblast
38
1) Cytotrophoblast(layer of Langhans)
 Inner layer of the trophoblast.

 Produce HCG responsible for
infoming CL that indictes
pregnacy has began.
 Protect embryo from infection
(syphilis)

39
2) Syncytiotrophoblast /syncitial layer

 Outer thick layer and grows into the
endometrial stroma.
 Is multinucleated cells found in the placenta
of embryos.
 It secretes placental hormones HCG ,
progesterone estrogen and placental
lactogen to sustain a pregnancy.
 It erodes the wall of the blood vessels of the
decidua.
 Making a nutrient in maternal blood
accessible to developing organism.
40
 Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) –essential

for:
 Maintenance of the corpus luteum
 Maintenance of pregnancy
 Confirmatory of pregnancy(serum Vs. urine HCG)

41
B. Inner cell mass (embryo blast):

 Also known as the "embryoblast“
 At one pole it will form the embryo, and a fluid filled
cavity.
 A group of cells found in blastocyst that give rise to the
embryo and are potentially capable of forming all tissues,
embryonic and extra embryonic, except the trophoblast.
 The ICM differentiates into two types of cells, epiblast and
hypoblast. Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023
42
 The epiblast give rise to:

 a layer of high columnar cells
adjacent to the amniotic cavity
 Cells inside the embryo
 All three germ layers of the
definitive embryo, as well as
extra embryonic endoderm,
mesoderm and ectoderm.
 Hypoblast cells
 small cuboidal cells adjacent to
the blastocyst cavity.
 Form only extra embryonic tissue
(extra embryonic endoderm).
43
The epiblast is the source of all of the germ layers:-

1. Endoderm (inner layer):
 Gives rise to the digestive system and other internal organs.
2. Mesoderm (middle layer)

 Rise to the muscle ,bones and connective tissue in the
body and also the heart and blood vessels including those in
the placenta. Additionally, it rise to the genitourinary
system.
3. Ectoderm (outer layer):
 Gives rise to the nervous system, skin, hair and nails,
sense organs and mucous membranes of the mouth and

anus.
Embryo/Fetal organ development in
44
trimester
First trimester (0-12 wks)
 Susceptible to teratogens.  Brain rapid grows.

 Heart function at 3-4 weeks.  External genitalia at 8
 Eye formation at 4-5 weeks. weeks.
 Arm and leg buds at 4-5  Placenta formed at 12
weeks. weeks.
 Recognizable face at 8  Bone ossification at 12
weeks. weeks.
 Fetal circulation function
properly at 8-12 weeks.
Embryo/Fetal organ development….
45
2nd trimester (13-27 weeks)

 Less danger from teratogens after 12 week.
 Facial features formed at 16 week.
 Fetal heart beat heard by 16 to 20 week with

fetoscope.
 Lanugo appears (hair over the body).
 Vernix present(the waxy or cheese-like white

substance found coating the skin)
 Most organs become capable of functioning.

Embryo/Fetal organ development …
46
3rd trimester (28-42 weeks)

 Surfactant production begins  Reflexes present at 28-32
week.
in increasing amount.
 Subcutaneous fat deposits
 Size; 15 inches, 2-3 pounds.
at 36 week.
 Testes descend in to scrotum  Lanugo disappears from the
in male at 28-32 week. body.
 Term is reached and birth is
 Calcium stored at 28-32
due at 38-40 weeks.
week.
Question
47
 What factors determine the sex of human being

and sexual development ??
Chromosomal sex
± Y chromosome
48
Gonadal sex
+SRY gene ± Testes or ovaries -SRY gene
Testes ovaries
(Primary sex
determination)
Secret testosterone and No Mullerian inhibiting
Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS)
substance (MIS)
Phenotypic sex Mullerian
Internal duct Wolffian
(secondary sex ducts(Fallopian tubes,
ducts(Epididymus, vas
determination) uterus, and upper
deferens, seminal
vagina.
vesicles)
No dihydrotestosterone(DHT)
+Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Male external Female external gentalia

gentalia (Scrotum, (labia majora,
penis, penile, Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) labia minora, clitoris,
10/07/2023
prostate) lower part of the vagina)
Sexual Development (sex
49
determination)
 There are 3 levels to sexual development:
 Chromosomal sex: presence or absence of the Y chromosome
 Gonadal sex (primary sex determination): whether the gonads
develop as testes or ovaries depends on the presence or

absence of the SRY gene, usually found on the Y chromsome
 Phenotypic sex (secondary sex determination): all of the
internal and external structures develop along male or female

lines depending on which hormones are secreted by the
gonads.
 Phenotypic sex also has a couple of distinct systems: the
internal ducts, and the external genitalia
 Two important times: pre-natal development and puberty

Chromosomal Sex Determination
50
 We have 46 chromosomes: 23
pairs, one set from each parent.
 One pair of chromosomes is the
sex chromosomes, X and Y.
 The other chromosomes just
have numbers: 1-22.

 A person with 2 X chromosomes
(46,XX) is female, and a person
with an X and a Y (46,XY) is
male.

Meiosis
51
 Reproduction involves putting one copy of each chromosome
into each sperm cell or egg cell: the process of meiosis. So,
meiosis starts with 46 chromosomes, chooses one from each
pair, and puts 23 chromosomes in each sperm or egg.
 For males, 1/2 the sperm get an X chromosome, and the
other 1/2 get a Y chromosome.

 Sometimes meiosis goes wrong (non-disjunction), and a
sperm or egg might get 2 sex chromosomes, or 0 sex
chromosomes, leading people with 47 or 45 chromosomes.
More on this later...

Meiosis…
52

Cont…
53
 During fertilization the sperm joins the egg, creating the

zygote, which is the first cell of the new individual person.
 23 chromosomes from sperm plus 23 from the egg restores
the total of 46 chromosomes.
 And, the new individual is now either 46,XX (female) or
46,XY (male)

The SRY Gene
54
 How the Y chromosome determines sex.
 The SRY gene, located on the Y chromosome, is the primary
determinant of sexual development.
 That is, if a developing embryo has a functional SRY gene in its
cells, it will develop as a male. And, if there is no functional SRY,

the embryo develops as female.
 Although the SRY gene is usually on the Y chromosome, it
occasionally gets transferred to the X.
 this leads to 46,XX males
 Also, sometimes the SRY gene is inactivated by mutation.

 Leading to 46,XY females (Swyer syndrome)
 it is also possible to have a partially inactive SRY gene, leading to
ambiguous genitaliaAynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023

Early Gonad Development
55
 Before 6-7 weeks of
development, the gonad is
indifferent: neither male nor
female.
 It develops from the same
tissue as the kidneys and
adrenal glands.
 Also developing by this time: 2
sets of ducts that will
eventually lead to the outside
world.
 Wolffian ducts = male
 Mullerian ducts Aynalem

= female
Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023
Gonad Differentiation
56
 If SRY is present in the

indifferent gonad at 6 weeks, it
gets activated.
 This in turn activates other
genes, and the indifferent gonad
is converted to a testes.
 In the absence of SRY, a
different set of genes is
activated, and the indifferent
gonad becomes an ovary.
 The germ cells, which actually
become sperm or eggs, migrate
into the gonad about this time.
Development of Phenotypic Sex
57
 The cells of the newly formed testes start secreting the

hormone testosterone.
 Testosterone secretion peaks about week 16, with levels
similar to those found in adult males. After this, the
testosterone level drops to about the same level as female
fetuses.
 The testes also secrete another hormone: Mullerian
inhibiting substance (MIS) (aka anti-Mullerian hormone,
AMH). Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023
Development of Phenotypic Sex
58
 Another important process in the developing male: during the

last trimester of pre-natal life, the testes migrate (“descend”)
from the kidney region into the scrotum.
 Under the control of a third testes hormone: “insulin-like
hormone 3”
 The developing ovary secretes estrogen, which is important
after birth, but estrogen from the mother completely swamps
it out before birth.
Internal Ducts
59
 In the early embryo, two duct

systems form. After the gonad
differentiates into a testis or ovary,
one set of ducts develops further
while the other set degenerates.
 Testosterone causes the Wolffian
ducts to develop into male
structures: epididymus, vas
deferens, seminal vesicles.
 In the absence of testosterone,
the Wolffian ducts disappear

(except a bit becomes the
adrenal glands in both sexes)
Internal Ducts…
60
 Mullerian inhibiting
substance causes the
Mulerian ducts to
disappear.
 In the absence of
MIS, the Mullerian

ducts develop into
the Fallopian tubes,
uterus, and upper
vagina.

External Development
61
 In the absence of DHT, the genital
swellings form the labia majora; the
genital folds remain unfused and
form the labia minora; the genital
tubercle forms the clitoris and the
urogenital sinus forms the lower part
of the vagina.
 With DHT present, the genital
swellings migrate and become the
scrotum; the urogenital folds enlarge
and enclose the penile urethra and
become the shaft of the penis; the
genital tubercle becomes the glans
penis; and the urogenital sinus forms
the prostate gland Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023
Development of the External Genitalia
62
 This process is controlled by the presence

or absence of dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
 Testosterone gets converted into DHT by the
enzyme 5-alpha reductase, which is found in the
testes and the skin.
 Both sexes start out with the same structures,
which develop along different lines under the
influence of testosterone and DHT.
 The default condition in female: in the absence of
DHT, the external genital structures develop along
female lines.
 DHT also causes hair loss: male pattern baldness.

Testosterone is converted to DHT locally. Rogaine
works by blocking 5-alpha reductase
63 THE FOETAL CIRCULATION
Aynalem
Y(BSc, MSc,
Ass.t
professor)

Objectives
64
 At the end of this session, the students will be able to

 Define foetal circulation
 Describe the difference between foetal circulation and adult
circulation

Foetal circulation
65
 The fetal circulation is the circulatory system of a

fetus.
 The term usually include the entire fetoplacental
circulation, which includes:
 The umbilical cord and
 The blood vessels within the placenta that carry fetal
blood.
 Before birth, the foetus obtains oxygen and
nutrients from the mother through the placenta and
the umbilical cord.
Foetal circulation…
66

67
 Placenta is an organ that connects

the developing fetus to the
uterine wall to allow:
 Nutrient uptake.
 Provide thermo-regulation to the
fetus.
 Waste elimination, and gas
exchange via the mother's blood
supply.
 Fight against internal infection and
 Produce hormones to support
pregnancy.
68

69
 The foetal circulation differs mainly from the adult one by

the presence of 3 major vascular shunts:
1. Ductus venosus : between the umbilical vein and inferior
vena cava.
2. Foramen ovale: between the right and left atrium.
3. Ductus arteriosus: between the pulmonary artery and
descending aorta.
 The rationale of these shunts is to divert the oxygenated blood
from the less functioning organs as lungs, liver, kidney and

intestine as placenta carries their functions, to the brain, heart
and other parts of the body.

70

71

72

73
 The circulation is as follow:

 Oxygen and nutrients are carried from
the placenta to the
foetus in a single large umbilical vein.
 The oxygen saturation in the blood of
the umbilical vein
is reduced from 95% in the maternal
arterial blood to 80%
due to its consumption by the
placental metabolism.
 As the umbilical vein entering the
foetal body most of its
oxygenated blood passes to the
inferior vena cava (IVC)
through the ductus venosus. While the
remainder
communicates the portal vein to
supply the liver.
FOETAL CIRCULATION…
74
 The liver drains into the IVC through the hepatic veins.
 The blood in the IVC is a mixture of the oxygenated
blood from the umbilical vein and the desaturated blood
from the lower limbs and abdominal organs including the
liver so its O2 saturation is reduced to 65% when it enters
the right atrium.
 Most of the blood is directed to the left atrium through the
foramen ovale and from it to the left ventricle and
descending aorta.

75
 The remainder of the blood in the right atrium passes with

that coming from the head and upper limbs via the superior
vena cava to the right ventricle → pulmonary artery where
most of it passes also to the aorta through the ductus
arteriosus because of the high resistance of the unexpanded
foetal lungs.
 The blood passes finally from the aorta to the hypogastric
arteries → umbilical arteries → placenta.

76
 Changes At Birth:
 With clamping of the umbilical cord, the pressure in the
ductus venosus drops leading to its closure to form the
ligamentum venosum.
 The initiation of respiration creates a negative
intrathoracic pressure which is transmitted to the right
ventricle and atrium, while the pressure in the left atrium is
increased due to returning blood from the lungs this leads
to closure of the foramen ovale.
 With diversion of most of the blood into the lungs, no
further blood passes through the ductus arteriosus so it is closed.

77
 Gradual Changes:
 The umbilical vein is obliterated to form the ligamentum
teres in the falciform ligament of the liver.
 The hypogastric arteries are obliterated to form the
hypogastric ligaments.

FOETAL CIRCULATION…
78

Summary of Terms in Embryology
79
 Oocyte- female germ cell produced by

the ovaries
 Sperm - refers to the male germ cell
produced in the testes
 Fertilization-is the union of egg and
sperm.
 Zygote -refers to a cell results from the
union of an oocyte and a sperm during
fertilization
 Zygote is the beginning of a new
human being
Summary of Terms in Embryology…
80
 Cleavage- a series of cell divisions

of the zygote that result in the
formation of early pre-embryonic
cells, blastomere.
 Morula - a solid mass of 12 to 32
blastomeres, formed by cleavage of
a zygote. Once the embryo has
divided into 16 cells.
 Blastocyst- (4–5 days post
fertilization) has a cavity inside the
zona pellucida along with an inner
cell mass.
Summary of Terms in Embryology …
81
 Implantation-The process which

the blastocyst attaches to the
endometrium.
 Embryo -The developing human
during its early stages of
development (fertilization up to
9th week).
 Conceptus -The embryo and its
adjunct parts.
 Fetus- the developing human
from 9th wk to birth (fetal period).
Question
82

References
83
1. The developing human clinical oriented embryology, 8th

edition
2. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins atlas of anatomy
3. LAGMAN’S Medical embryology, 11th edition
4. Board Review Series(SRS) Embryology fifth Edition.
5. DC, Dutta, text book of obstetrics, 2015, eight editions
6. Gabbe, Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies,

Seventh Edition, 2017

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1 Embryology

Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023

At the end of this session, the students will be able to;

Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023

 Human development- a continuous process.

Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023

 Gametogenesis is the processes of gamete formation.

Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023

 The somatic cells always multiply by mitosis division.

 The process of sperm production is known as spermatogenesis

 An actively motile, free

 Spermatogenesis requires about 74 days.

 Occurs in the ovaries

Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023

 The ovum resembles any ordinary cell in its

Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023

 Egg production prior to birth , by 20 weeks she will have 4 million

Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023

Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023

Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023

Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023

The prenatal period typically divided into three stages.

2. Embryonic Stage: 4 to 9 weeks'

Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023

Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023

 Pregnancy is a sequence of events that normally includes:

Fertilization Zygote Morula (16-50 cells) Blastocyst

Stages and time Frames

Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023

 Fertilization Influenced by:

If fertilization doesn't occur: corpus luteum became

 Progesterone production decreases,

 Menstrual bleeding start.

Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023

 Immediately after penetration of the

 The morula enters the

Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023

Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023

 At this time, the hollow fluid-

 Blastocyst: The hollow cellular

1. An outer layer of cells

2. Inner cell massAynalem

Trophoblast Inner cell mass

Placenta Chorion Umblical cord Amnion Fetus

Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023

 Inner layer of the trophoblast.

Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023

2) Syncytiotrophoblast /syncitial layer

 Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) –essential

Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t professor) 10/07/2023

B. Inner cell mass (embryo blast):

 The epiblast give rise to:

The epiblast is the source of all of the germ layers:-

2. Mesoderm (middle layer)

sense organs and mucous membranes of the mouth and

 Susceptible to teratogens.  Brain rapid grows.

2nd trimester (13-27 weeks)

 Facial features formed at 16 week.

 Fetal heart beat heard by 16 to 20 week with

 Vernix present(the waxy or cheese-like white

Aynalem Y (BSc, MSc, Ass.t

3rd trimester (28-42 weeks)

 What factors determine the sex of human being