MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE

Types of Migrants
 TYPES OF MIGRANTS
The types of migrants which we
will look at are:
People move for many different reasons.
Permanent migrants

Sometimes this may be permanently

(permanent migration) but could also be Temporary migrants
for a short period (temporary migration).

Guest workers
 DISCUSSION

1) Are there people from other countries working and living in your home country?

2) Are people from your home country living and working in other countries?

3) Are they permanent or temporary migrants?

4) What are the push and pull factors associated with their movement?

5) Do you know the conditions of their life in the host country?(e.g. Do they have many
restrictions? Do they have a time restriction for their visa?)
 PERMANENT MIGRANTS

T - Permanent migrants are people who move

from one country to another, intending to live
(settle) permanently in their new country.

E - Governments usually promote types of

permanent migration. This is usually because
there is a labour shortage in their country.
Permanent migrants usually have similar rights
and responsibilities as citizens, such as voting
and access to healthcare.

E – In 2016-17 186, 151 people migrated

permanently to Australia through skilled,
family and employment visa schemes.
 PERMANENT MIGRANT

These people, who are called settlers, are

often motivated by better job opportunities or
family reunion. Some refugees are resettled
as permanent migrants as well. The rights that
settlers have, depend on each country.
Overseas migration is now the main driver of
population growth in Australia and more than
one quarter of Australia's resident population
was born overseas.

Figure: Migrant Arrivals - Australia - Region of Birth - year to

30 June 2013 and 2018 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2019)
 PERMANENT MIGRANT

Between 2016 and 2017, 186, 151 people

migrated permanently to Australia through
skilled, family, and employment visa
schemes. Australia also takes some migrants,
such as refugees under their official
Humanitarian intake. These visas grant
permanent residency.
The bar chart shows how Australia's skilled
stream has been growing as a proportion of
resident visas. Australia uses the skilled Figure: Migration to Australia 1983-2014 (Parliament
stream to fill labor shortages in certain House Australia, 2015)
occupations.
 BENEFITS

According to the IMF, Australia's migration program adds to GDP growth because it
focuses on skilled migrants of working age. These migrants fill labor shortages in certain
occupations. Australia also has an ageing population and working-age migrants help to
replace retiring workers. Their taxes also help to pay for pensions.

While most migrants move to the major cities, some are moving to regional areas and
giving a boost to these communities. For example, 200 Karen refugees from the Thai-
Myanmar border, who were settled under the humanitarian scheme, moved to the town of
Nhill. This town is small and isolated so struggled to retain workers. However, the new
migrants created new jobs and economic growth and now make up over 18% of the local
workforce (Amnesty International, n.d.).
PERMANENT MIGRANTS
 PERMANENT MIGRANTS
• Can you think of any
countries where permanent
Depending on the country, permanent
migrants can become
residents may have the opportunity to citizens?
apply for citizenship of the host country.

• Can you think of any

countries where permanent
citizens can’t become a
citizen?
 TEMPORARY MIGRANTS

T - Temporary migrants are people who move from one

country to another, usually for a number of years, but
without the possibility of staying permanently.

E- A key distinguishing factor when discussing temporary

migrants is whether they are highly skilled or low skilled.
This will usually impact how the migrant is treated and
change the conditions they have in the host country.

E - In Singapore and many other places there are different

types of temporary migrants. Singapore has a substantial
ex-patriot community. This is made up of highly skilled
people usually from western countries, or wealthy
Chinese or Indian people. Singapore also has a large
number of temporary, unskilled migrants .
 TEMPORARY MIGRANTS

The push and pull factors for temporary

migrants tend to relate to better
opportunities. For example, one main group
of temporary migrants is temporary
economic migrants. These migrants
include guest workers (low-skilled) and
expatriates (high-skilled) who migrate to
work. Another group of temporary migrants
includes international students. These
migrants wish to access better educational
opportunities.
 TEMPORARY MIGRATION

GUEST WORKERS

Singapore also relies heavily on temporary low-skilled

workers. These group of people usually work in
hospitality, construction and domestic work (maids,
nannies). This group of people are usually known as
guest workers.

According to a UN report, "Around 10 - 15 per cent of

the workforce in most west European countries is
foreign-born; that figure is 15 per cent in Australia,
Canada and the United States, and up to 90 per cent or
more in several Arab Gulf countries" (OHCHR, 2015).
Unfortunately, there have been a number of reports of
guest workers being badly treated and abused.
 GUEST WORKERS

Some key groups who have become guest

workers:
• Women from Myanmar, Philippines and
Indonesia working as Maids in places like
Singapore, Dubai, Hong Kong

• Men from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh

often work in Gulf countries and Malaysia.
 TASK: CHOOSE EITHER THE
QUESTIONS ON THIS SLIDE OR THE
NEXT SLIDE.

Guest Workers are found in many countries. Choose one of the following countries to
research:
• Singapore, Hong Kong, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Australia

• Find an article which outlines how the Guest Workers are treated in that country.

• Summarise the article to share with others.

 B E N E F IT S F O R A U S T R A L I A
A S T H E D E S T IN AT IO N O F
GUEST WORKERS

• Australia's 3rd biggest

export.
• Creates 240,000 jobs.
• Brings in nearly $35 billion
per year in export earnings.
 Click icon to add picture
BENEFITS OF MIGRATION
FOR THE HOME COUNTRY
– REMITTANCES

Remittances are the transfer of money

sent back to the home country from a
foreign worker. This money has helped
develop regions of the world.
This transfer of money, largely from
the developed world to the developing
world, has played a significant role in
bridging the development gap by
lifting people out of poverty.
REMITTANCES
 RE MI T TA N C E S S E N T F R O M T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S TO
MA J O R R E CE I V I N G C O U N T R I E S I N 2 0 1 4 ( U S
G O V E RN ME N T A C C O U N TA B I L I T Y O F F I C E , O N F L I C K R ,
2014)
 REMITTANCE RECEIVING COUNTRIES

Top remittance receiving countries 2016 (world bank, 2017):

India: $62.7 Billion
China: $61.0 Billion Question: What do you think
would be some benefits of
Philippines: $29.9 Billion
remittances for the home country?
Mexico: $28.5 Billion
Pakistan: 19.8 Billion
 BENEFITS

Research by the World Bank shows that one way that remittances
benefit, is that they are used to help keep children at school
longer. In a country such as India, this is a significant benefit as
only 58% of students complete their primary education and only
10% stay on after the age of 16. India is the largest recipient of
remittances, with over 14 million people worldwide who were
born in India living outside the country.
REMITTANCE RECEIVING COUNTRIES
 TO SUMMARISE

• You should now understand the meaning and know examples

of:
• Permanent migrants
• Temporary migrants
• Guest workers
• Remittances
 CASE STUDY: GUEST WORKERS IN QATAR

Qatar is wealthy, with a small native population, and is growing rapidly. It needs guest workers to build the city
and work in low-skilled jobs. It also attracts a number of highly skilled expatriates.
 7% of the population are foreign residents.
 Foreign residents made up 95% of the workforce.
 Approximately 80% of the migrants are male.
 The majority of migrant workers are employed in the construction sector, many working on facilities for the
World Cup.
Migrants mainly come to Qatar from Nepal, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. The pull factor for these workers is
employment opportunities, and the promise of better pay which allows them to send remittances home to
support their families.
Qatar has been criticized for its poor treatment of guest workers. Some workers have reported having their
passports taken when they arrive, and living in cramped, squalid housing. Poor working conditions on the FIFA
World Cup stadiums have resulted in the deaths of at least 1,400 migrant workers from Nepal (Deutsche Welle,
2019).
 REFERENCES

References:
http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/992371492706371662/MigrationandDevelopmentBrief27.pdf
http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/rapid-growth-singapores-immigrant-population-brings-policy-
challenges