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Chapter-21-Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
Chapter-21-Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
Chapter-21-Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
Ti: [Ar]4s23d2
Ti3+: [Ar]3d1
Concept Check
Explain.
[Ar]3d2
Plots of the First (Red Dots) and Third (Blue
Dots) Ionization Energies for the First-Row
Transition Metals
Atomic Radii of the 3d, 4d, and 5d
Transition Series
3d Transition Metals
• Scandium – chemistry strongly resembles lanthanides
• Titanium – excellent structural material (light weight)
• Vanadium – mostly in alloys with other metals
• Chromium – important industrial material
• Manganese – production of hard steel
• Iron – most abundant heavy metal
• Cobalt – alloys with other metals
• Nickel – plating more active metals; alloys
• Copper – plumbing and electrical applications
• Zinc – galvanizing steel
Oxidation States and Species for Vanadium
in Aqueous Solution
Typical Chromium Compounds
Some Compounds of Manganese in Its
Most Common Oxidation States
Typical Compounds of Iron
Typical Compounds of Cobalt
Typical Compounds of Nickel
Typical Compounds of Copper
Alloys Containing Copper
A Coordination Compound
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
[Fe(en)2(NO2)2]2SO4
K3Fe(CN)6
Coordination Number
ethylenediaminetetraacetate
Rules for Naming Coordination Compounds
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
• Coordination Isomerism:
Composition of the complex ion varies.
[Cr(NH3)5SO4]Br and [Cr(NH3)5Br]SO4
• Linkage Isomerism:
Composition of the complex ion is the
same, but the point of attachment of at least
one of the ligands differs.
Linkage Isomerism of NO2–
Stereoisomerism
• Geometrical Isomerism (cis-trans):
Atoms or groups of atoms can assume
different positions around a rigid ring or
bond.
Cis – same side (next to each other)
Trans – opposite sides (across from each
other)
Geometrical (cis-trans) Isomerism for a
Square Planar Compound
(a) cis isomer (b) trans isomer
Geometrical (cis-trans) Isomerism for an
Octahedral Complex Ion
Stereoisomerism
• Optical Isomerism:
Isomers have opposite effects on plane-
polarized light.
Unpolarized Light Consists of Waves
Vibrating in Many Different Planes
The Rotation of the Plane of Polarized
Light by an Optically Active Substance
Optical Activity
• Exhibited by molecules that have
nonsuperimposable mirror images (chiral
molecules).
• Enantiomers – isomers of
nonsuperimposable mirror images.
A Human Hand Exhibits a
Nonsuperimposable Mirror Image
Concept Check
Does [Co(en)2Cl2]Cl exhibit
geometrical isomerism?
Yes
Does it exhibit optical isomerism?
Trans form –
No
Cis form –
Yes
Bonding in Complex Ions
1. The VSEPR model for predicting structure
generally does not work for complex ions.
However, assume a complex ion with a
coordination number of 6 will have an
octahedral arrangement of ligands.
And, assume complexes with two ligands will
be linear.
But, complexes with a coordination number of
4 can be either tetrahedral or square planar.
Bonding in Complex Ions
• d z and d x
2 2 point their lobes directly at
y2
• Strong–field (low–spin):
Yields the minimum number of unpaired
electrons.
• Weak–field (high–spin):
Gives the maximum number of unpaired
electrons.
• Hund’s rule still applies.
Spectrochemical Series
4Al + 3O2
2Al2O3
The Basic Oxygen Process for Steelmaking
• Much faster.
• Exothermic oxidation
reactions proceed so
rapidly that they
produce enough heat to
raise the temperature
nearly to the boiling
point of iron without an
external heat source.