SOLAR PV BASED ELECTRIC VEHICLE

ABSTRACT
 The ongoing global shift towards sustainable energy sources and transportation solutions has spurred significant interest in the integration of
solar photovoltaic (PV) systems for electric vehicle (EV) charging. the current state of research, technological advancements, and key
considerations related to the deployment of solar PV-based EV charging infrastructure. They are highlighting the urgent need to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel dependency in the transportation sector, setting the stage for the convergence of solar PV
technology and electric mobility.

 The potential of solar PV-based EV charging as a means to simultaneously harness clean energy and promote the adoption of electric
vehicles, addressing both environmental and energy security concerns.

 It discusses various system configurations, such as grid-connected and off-grid setups, outlining their advantages and challenges.

 The proposed system incorporates a specialized relay mechanism designed to engage when the vehicle reaches speeds exceeding predefined
thresholds. This innovation is particularly relevant for scenarios where bursts of high-speed operation are essential, such as highway merging
and overtaking maneuvers.

 The foundation of this system lies in harnessing the surplus energy generated by the on board solar during standard driving conditions. The
excess power is stored in a high-capacity battery pack to be utilized during demanding high-speed scenarios.

 The relay, serving as the critical interface between the battery and the electric drive train, is engineered to ensure seamless transitions
between the solar-powered and battery-powered modes.
OBJECTIVE

 To optimize the efficiency, sustainability, and economic viability of both solar PV technology and EVs,
ultimately contributing to a cleaner, more sustainable mobility ecosystem.

 The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions stands as a crucial goal, achieved through the substitution of
conventional fossil fuels with solar energy for EV charging, thereby mitigating the adverse impacts of
transportation on climate change.

 In the solar PV systems into EVs, the vehicles can capture solar energy while parked or in motion,
translating into increased distances travelled on a single charge.

 The integration of solar PV-based EVs serves as a beacon of innovation, promoting environmental
consciousness, energy autonomy, and the harmonization of transportation and renewable energy sectors.
INTRODUCTION

 The Solar PV-Based Electric Vehicle represents a promising intersection of renewable energy and sustainable
transportation. It integrates solar photovoltaic panels onto the vehicle's surface, enabling it to generate
electricity directly from the sun.

 This energy can then be used to power EVs directly or stored in batteries for later use. The result is a
decentralized, environmentally friendly energy ecosystem.

 By using clean energy from the sun, solar PV-based EVs minimize greenhouse gas emissions, mitigating the
environmental impact of transportation. Solar-powered EVs contribute to energy self-sufficiency, reducing
dependence on traditional fossil fuels and enhancing energy security. Solar energy is a free and abundant
resource.
 Charging EVs with solar power can lead to long-term cost savings for vehicle owners. Solar-powered
EVs can alleviate stress on the electricity grid, particularly during peak demand periods. The visible
integration of solar panels on EVs can raise awareness and promote the adoption of renewable energy
solutions.

 This exploration dives into the multifaceted landscape of solar PV-based electric vehicles. It delves into
the technical aspects of integrating solar PV systems with EVs, including design considerations, energy
management, and charging strategies.

 It examines the economic viability, environmental implications, and potential challenges of

implementing such systems on a broader scale.
LITERATURE SURVEY
S.N TITLE AUTHOR & DESCRIPTION
O YEAR
1 Edge Computing Lin Xue; Tianyu This paper proposes a edge computing unloading
Unloading Technology Zhang Xiong strategy based on electric vehicle charging piles. Set
Based on Electric 2023 the server in the electric vehicle charging pile to meet
Vehicle Charging Pile the calculation task delay requirements of vehicles
near the charging pile. The experimental results show
that the edge computing unloading strategy based on
the EV charging pile can increase the task delay by
more than 31.7% compared with the vehicle itself.

2 IoT Network Guillaume Le The Battery Management System of an Electric

Management within the Gall, Nicolas Vehicle is a system designed to ensure safe operation
Electric Vehicle Battery Montavont of the battery pack, and report its state to other
Management System 2021 systems. It is a distributed system, and the
communication between its sub-modules is performed
through wired buses.
3 Multi-Model Charger for
Light Electric Vehicles
G. Subramaniam; K Electric vehicles are now becoming mainstream
Hari Adithyan transportation. But the charging stations available for
2023 electric vehicles are very low. So many reasons are
affecting the implementation of charging stations. The
most important factor was the battery voltage of an
electric vehicle.

4 Battery Monitoring Voruganti Bharath This paper proposes a real-time Battery Monitoring
System in Electric Kumar, Sk.Syed System (BMS) using the coulomb counting method for
Vehicles Based on Hussain SOC estimation and messaging-based MQTT as the
Internet of Things 2021 communication protocol, based on ease of implementation
and less overall complexity.

5 Battery Monitoring and G. Themozhi, A. This paper describes the application of Internet-of-things
Smart Charging Using Prabha, P. (IoT) in monitoring the performance of electric vehicle
Iot for Electrical Vehicle Radhakrishnan, K. battery. It is clear that an electric vehicle totally depends
Applications Manigandan on the source of energy from a battery. However, the
2021 amount of energy supplied to the vehicle is decreasing
gradually that leads to the performance degradation.
 EXISTING SYSTEM

 Numerous initiatives have been undertaken to explore and implement the integration of solar photovoltaic
(PV) technology with electric vehicles (EVs), aiming to leverage the benefits of renewable energy in the
realm of sustainable transportation.

 Several automotive manufacturers, research institutions, and startups have contributed to the existing body
of work in this domain.

 Some efforts have focused on designing tracking systems that allow solar panels to follow the sun's path,
optimizing energy capture throughout the day.

 Additionally, studies have investigated advanced materials, such as transparent solar panels, which can be
integrated into windows and other surfaces without obstructing visibility.
PROPOSED SYSTEM

 The growing need for sustainable transportation solutions, this proposed work aims to integrate
solar photovoltaic (PV) technology with electric vehicles (EVs) to create a novel and efficient mode
of transportation

 An electric vehicle or convert an existing vehicle into an electric one. Ensure that it has an electric
motor, a battery pack, and the necessary controls for acceleration, braking, and steering.

 Install solar photovoltaic panels on the vehicle's roof, hood, or other suitable surfaces. These panels
will capture sunlight and convert it into electrical energy to charge the EV's batteries.

 The intelligent energy management system that optimally distributes and stores the solar-generated
energy. This system will prioritize powering the vehicle's auxiliary systems, such as air conditioning
and infotainment, while also contributing to the main propulsion system, thus extending the overall
driving range.
 The system will incorporate connectivity features to allow users to monitor energy generation, consumption,
and battery status via a smartphone app or vehicle dashboard.

 The advantages of solar energy and electric mobility, the proposed project strives to contribute to reduced
carbon emissions, energy cost savings, and increased energy independence for EV owners.

 The solar panel efficiency and integration techniques, influencing the broader adoption of renewable energy
solutions in both the automotive and clean energy sectors.
ADVANTAGE

 Solar PV panels on EVs allow for the direct integration of renewable energy into the vehicle's power source.
This reduces the reliance on fossil fuels for charging, thus lowering greenhouse gas emissions and
dependence on non-renewable resources.

 Solar PV-based EVs have a smaller carbon footprint compared to conventional gasoline or diesel vehicles.
By using solar energy for charging, the overall lifecycle emissions of the vehicle are reduced, contributing to
cleaner air and a healthier environment.
APPLICATION

 In the benefit from solar-integrated EVs, especially those that follow regular routes or have
predictable stop-and-go patterns. Delivery trucks, postal vehicles, and maintenance vans
can leverage solar energy to reduce operating costs and emissions.

 Solar PV-based EVs can be integrated into public transportation systems, such as buses and
shuttles, which often have designated charging stations. Solar panels can help these
vehicles operate more sustainably and reduce the burden on charging infrastructure.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

 MC Programming Language :Embedded C

 Coding : Arduino IDE 1.8.3

 Simulation :PROTEUS
ARDUINO IDE
 The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application
(for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It is used to write and upload
programs to Arduino board.

 Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to
read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor,
turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to
the microcontroller on the board
PROTEUS
 Proteus is a simulation and design software tool developed by Labcenter
Electronics for Electrical and Electronic circuit design.

 Proteus's simulation feature. Many of the components in Proteus can be simulated.

There are two options for simulating: Run simulator and advance frame by frame.

 The "Run simulator" option simulates the circuit in a normal speed (If the circuit is
not heavy). "Advance frame by frame" option advances to next frame and waits till
you click this button for the next time. This can be useful for debugging digital
circuits.
HARDWARE DETAILS

 SOLAR PANEL
 POWER SUPPLY
 BATTERY
 ARDUINO UNO
 VOLTAGE SENSOR
 MOTOR DRIVE (L293D)
 DC MOTOR
 RELAY
SOLAR PANEL

A solar panel is a set of solar photovoltaic modules electrically connected and mounted on a supporting
structure. A photovoltaic module is a packaged, connected assembly of solar cells. The solar panel can
be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial
and residential applications.12v 3w panel.
BATTERY

 A 12V 5Ah battery is a rechargeable battery that can provide a continuous current of 5 amperes for one hour
at 12 volts. This specification is commonly used to describe sealed lead-acid batteries, which are widely
used in applications like uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), automotive starting batteries, and other
portable power solutions.
POWER SUPPLY

 Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that supplies
electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power supply
unit or PSU.

 The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones,
and rarely to others.
TRANSFORMER

 Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC.

 Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage.

 Most power supplies use a step-down

transformer to reduce the dangerously

high mains voltage (230V in UK) to

a safer low voltage.

BRIDGE RECTIFIER

 A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also available in special
packages containing the four diodes required.

 It is called a full-wave rectifier because it uses the entire AC wave (both positive and negative
sections).

 1.4V is used up in the bridge rectifier

because each diode uses 0.7V when

conducting and there are always two

diodes conducting
ARDUINO
 Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.

 Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn
it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online.

 You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board.

 To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE),
based on Processing.
FEATURES
 Microcontroller ATmega328

 Operating Voltage 5V

 Input Voltage 7-9 V

 Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

 Analog Input Pins 8 (of which 4 are broken out onto pins)

 DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

 Flash Memory 32 KB (2 KB used by bootloader)

 SRAM 2 KB

 EEPROM 1KB

 Clock Speed 16 MHz

VOLTAGE SENSOR

 A simple but very useful module which uses a potential divider to reduce any input voltage by a
factor of 5.

 This allows you to use the analogue input of a microcontroller to monitor voltages much higher
than it capable of sensing.

 The module also includes convenient screw terminals for easy and secure connection of a wire.
 VOLTAGE SENSOR-SPECIFIATION

 Divider ratio: 5:1

 Resistor Tolerance: 1%

 Max input voltage: 25V

 Resistor Value: 30K/7.5K Ohm

2*16 LCD DISPLAY
 A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronic visual display
that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals.

 Liquid crystals do not emit light directly. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an
electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very
basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are
preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are
economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom
characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.
 A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character
is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.

 The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given
to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling
display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD.
LCD - APPLICATIONS

 Computer monitors, televisions, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and signage.

 They are common in consumer devices such as DVD players, gaming devices, clocks ,
watches, calculators, and telephones.
RELAY
• A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. In
the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of
contacts.

• A 5V relay is an electromechanical switch that operates using a 5-volt power supply. It's commonly
used in electronic circuits to control high-power devices with low-power control signals.
L293D –DC MOTOR DRIVER

L293D is a popular motor driving IC. It is a 16 pin IC. The IC has 8 pins on both the sides. It has 2 enable pins,
1 VSS pin, 1 VS pin, 4 ground pins, 4 input pins and 4 output pins. Though not required here, but in case you wish
to learn how to interface L293D with a microcontroller.
DC MOTOR
A DC motor is a mechanically commutated electric motor powered from direct current (DC). The stator is
stationary in space by definition and therefore the current in the rotor is switched by the commutator to also be
stationary in space. This is how the relative angle between the stator and rotor magnetic flux is maintained near 90
degrees, which generates the maximum torque. DC motors have a rotating armature winding (winding in which a
voltage is induced) but non-rotating armature magnetic field and a static field winding (winding that produce the main
magnetic flux) or permanent magnet. Different connections of the field and armature winding provide different inherent
speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC motor can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to
the armature or by changing the field current. The introduction of variable resistance in the armature circuit or field
circuit allowed speed control. Modern DC motors are often controlled by power electronics systems called DC drives.
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) technology with electric vehicles (EVs) represents a significant stride
toward sustainable and efficient transportation.

This innovative synergy between clean energy and electric mobility holds the promise of reducing carbon emissions, lessening
dependence on non-renewable resources, and enhancing the practicality of EVs.

By harnessing the power of the sun, solar-integrated EVs can contribute to extended driving ranges, reduced operating costs, and
increased energy independence.

While challenges such as limited surface area and variable weather conditions exist, the existing body of work showcases a growing
commitment from manufacturers, researchers, and start-ups to overcome these obstacles and unlock the full potential of solar-
powered transportation.

As technology advances and awareness of environmental concerns deepens, the incorporation of solar PV in EVs has the potential to
reshape our transportation landscape, offering a cleaner, more resilient, and economically viable mode of mobility for the future.
FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

 Solar PV (Photovoltaic) based electric vehicles (EVs) represent an exciting convergence of renewable
energy and transportation technologies.

 Research and development efforts can focus on improving the efficiency of solar panels to capture more
energy from the sun. This would allow for faster charging and longer range for solar-powered EVs.

 The flexible and lightweight solar cells could allow for a wider range of vehicle shapes and designs, while
still incorporating solar panels.

 In the wireless charging technologies would eliminate the need for physical connections, making it more
convenient for users.
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