Asexual Reproduction

• Asexual reproduction is natural “cloning.”

Parts of the plant, such as leaves or stems,
produce roots and become an independent
plant.
• List some benefits and some drawbacks to
asexual reproduction.
 Sexual Reproduction
• Sexual reproduction requires fusion of
male cells in the pollen grain with female
cells in the ovule.
• List some advantages and drawbacks to
sexual reproduction.
 Terms to know:
• Haploid: having a single set of
chromosomes in each cell.
• Diploid: having two sets of
chromosomes in each cell.
• Mitosis: cell division, which produces
two genetically identical cells.
• Meiosis/Reduction Division: reduction
division, which produces four haploid
reproductive cells.
 Sexual Reproduction in
Plants
The Parts of a Flower
• All Bisexual flowers
have four parts:
• sepals,
• petals,
• stamens,
• carpels.
 The parts of a flower
• Sepals protect the
bud until it opens.
• Petals attract
insects.
• Stamens make
pollen.
• Carpels grow into
fruits which
contain the seeds.
Parts of Flower
 Parts of Flower
• Sepals:
Green leafy structures which protect the flower in the bud
stage.
• Petals:
Coloured leafy structures which attract the insects by colour,
scent and nectar guides.
Stamen And Carpel
 Stamen (male)
• Stamen consists of
Anther and
filament
• Anther: pollen
grains grow in the
anther.
• When the grains
are fully grown, the
anther splits open.
 Carpel (female)
• Stigma
• Style
• ovary
• Ovules (eggs)
 Pollination
Transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma

Self Pollination Cross Pollination

•Transfer of pollen •Transfer of pollen
grain from anther grain from anther
to stigma, of the to stigma, of the
same/ different different flower
flower of the same of the different
plant. (Same plant of the same
Species) species.
 Means/Agents of Pollination
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=hCloCHwrJdQ&ab_channel=KhanAcademyIndia-English

• Flowering plants use

the wind, insects,
bats, birds and
mammals to
transfer pollen from
the male (stamen)
part of the flower
to the female
(stigma) part of the
flower.
 Insect Pollination
• Some flowers, such as
Clitoria, have brightly
coloured petals and
nectar to attract
insects.
• They carry the pollens
from anthers of the
stamens and transfer
them to the stigma of
the carpels.
• These flowers are
pollinated by the
insects
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class-10-
biology/in-in-reproduction/in-in-sexual-reproduction-in-
plants/v/pollination-self-cross-how-do-organisms-
reproduce-biology-khan-academy
 Wind pollination
• Some flowers, such as
grasses, do not have
brightly coloured
petals and nectar to
attract insects.
• They do have stamens
and carpels.
• These flowers are
pollinated by the wind.
 Post Pollination changes
• A flower is
pollinated when a
pollen grain lands
on its stigma.
• After Pollination
each carpel grows
into a fruit which
contains the seeds.
 Fertilisation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-emlY6DBH8&ab_channel=KhanA
cademyIndia-English

Pollen grains germinate

on the stigma, growing
down the style to reach
an ovule.
•Fertilised ovules develop
into seeds.
•The carpel enlarges to
form the flesh of the
fruit and to protect the
ovary. Ovary develops
into Fruit.
Double Fertilization
Ovule to Seed
Flower to Fruit
Structure of Seed
 Seed dispersal
Seeds are dispersed
in many different
ways:
• Wind
• Explosion
• Water
• Animals
• Birds
• Scatter
Why is seed dispersal important?

1.To avoid competition

2.To colonize new areas

3. To avoid parental diseased area

4. To adapt in a new environment, may become more

resistant.
 How birds and animals help
seed dispersal

• Some seeds are

hidden in the
ground as a winter
store.
• Some fruits have
hooks on them and
cling to fur or
clothes.
 How birds and animals help
seed dispersal

• Birds and animals

eat the fruits and
excrete the seeds
away from the
parent plant.
 Factors required for seed germination

1. Oxygen

2. Suitable Temperature

3. Water
Role of enzymes in seed Germination

Cotyledon contain reserved material including

1.Fats
2. Proteins
3.Carbohydrates

Fats Lipase Fatty acids & glyceroles

Proteins Proteases Amino acids
Starch Amylase Maltose
Maltose Maltase Glucose+ Fructose
Seed Germination