COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND

ARCHITECTURE
COMPONENTS :

◦ INTRODUCTION
◦ CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU)
◦ THE BUS
◦ INTERNAL COMMUNICATION
◦ INSTRUCTION SET
◦ MACHINE CYCLE
INTRODUCTION:

◦ Architecture focuses on the design and structure of the computer system.

◦ Computer organization refers to the physical components and how they interact.

◦ Topics include Central Processing Unit, Internal Communication, Machine Cycle, The
Bus, Instruction Set.
Central Processing Unit:
◦ The CPU is the brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions.- It consists of three main
components: the control unit, the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and registers.

◦ The control unit coordinates the execution of instructions by fetching, decoding, and executing them.

◦ The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations, such as addition, subtraction, and comparisons.

◦ Registers are small, fast memory units used to store data and instructions for immediate access.

◦ The CPU interacts with other components, such as memory and input/output devices, to perform tasks.
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The Bus:
◦ The bus is like a highway that allows different components of a computer system to communicate.

◦ There are different types of buses, such as the address bus, data bus, and control bus.

◦ The address bus connects the CPU, memory, and other major components.

◦ The data bus carries data between the CPU, memory, and input/output devices.

◦ The control bus carries control signals to coordinate the activities of the components.
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Internal Communication:
◦ Internal communication refers to the exchange of data and control signals within a computer system.

◦ It involves the interaction between different components, such as the CPU, memory, and input/output
devices.

◦ Internal communication in computer architecture involves buses, registers, clock signals, control units,
and memory access.

◦ It enables data transfer and coordination within the CPU.

◦ Pipelining improves efficiency.

Instruction Set:
◦ The instruction set is a collection of commands that the CPU can understand and execute.

◦ It defines the operations that the CPU can perform, such as arithmetic, logical, and data movement.

◦ Instructions are represented in binary format, and each instruction has an opcode and operands

◦ Different CPUs have different instruction sets, such as x86, ARM, and MIPS.

◦ The instruction set architecture (ISA) specifies the interface between software and hardware
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Machine Cycle:
◦ A machine cycle refers to the sequence of operations performed by the CPU to
fetch, decode, execute, and store instructions. It plays a crucial role in the overall
functioning of a computer system.
◦ During the machine cycle, the CPU performs four stages: fetch, decode, execute, and store.

1. Fetch: The CPU retrieves the next instruction from memory.

2. Decode: The CPU interprets the instruction and determines what operation to perform

3. Execute: The CPU carries out the operation specified by the instruction.

4. Store: The CPU stores the result of the operation in memory or a register. Each stage is essential for the proper execution
of instructions in a computer system.
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