EXPLICIT NUMERICAL

INTEGRATION: EULER
EXPLICIT METHOD
 A simple technique where an ODE is solved by approximating as and assuming
that a linear interpolation can be used to describe
For example Euler integration:
We have the ODE
i.e.
Now if we have the initial condition y0 and t0 then:

etc.
HOMEWORK 3: SOLVE USING
EULER METHOD ON MATLAB
if and
EXPLICIT NUMERICAL
INTEGRATION: 4 TH ORDER
RUNGE-KUTTA
For 4 order Runge-Kutta integration:
th

We have the ODE

However now
Where
HOMEWORK 4: SOLVE USING
R-K METHOD IN MATLAB
if and
IMPLICIT NUMERICAL
INTEGRATION: EULER
IMPLICIT METHOD
 A simple technique where an ODE is solved by approximating as and assuming
that a linear interpolation can be used to describe
For example, Euler implicit integration:
We have the ODE , )
i.e.
Now if we have the initial condition y0 and t0 then:

etc.
4. LINEARIZATION
In dynamic processes we can exploit the availability of the reference point (steady-
state condition) to linearize non-linear ODEs for approximation purposes
We do this by employing a Taylor series truncated to linear terms only
Say we have a dynamic system characterized by

(4.1)
Where u is an input variable like the change in a flow rate, and y is the resulting
output variable like change in the height in a tank.
LINEARIZATION
We can expand this function as a Taylor series around the reference point of steady-
state - the overbar is used to represent steady-state.
Taylor series for system of 2 variables around (a, b): Evaluated
at SS, i.e.
(4.2)
=0
So
 (4.3)
Now let(4.4) and (4.5) At steady state (4.6).
From (4.4) (4.7)
Hence substituting (4.4-4.7) into (4.3):
 (4.8)
LINEARIZATION SOLUTION
STRATEGY
 (4.8) Is the linearized model
Equally if I have a model with output variable y and input variables, u, v and k:

, the output variable is x, and the input variables are w 1, w2, x1 and x2
EXAMPLE 4: BLENDING TANK

Determine the linearized model if

1) w is an overflow
2) x2 is a pure solute, however x1, w1, and w2 can vary