EOTC-CFAO,the Ethiopian

Social Accountability Program3

CRC Survey Training to Enumerators.
September 21-23,2022
 Get Started
 Ground Rule
 Participants Introduction
 Expectation from the training
General Objective of the Training
 Enumerators are able to collect and upload accurate
CRC data.
Specific objectives:
 Enumerators understand the basics of CRC

• Enumerators are able to use a tablet and the

ODK collect app for effective data collection and
synchronization.
• Enumerators understand questions, instructions as
well as structure of the CRC questionnaire;
 Purpose of the Training

 The major purpose of the training is to give for

participants a know how and practice of
implementation on the Citizen Report Card process
 I.Concept and purpose of CRC

1. GENERAL CRC CONCEPT, PROCESS AND

PRACTICE
The CRC is a household survey that uncovers citizen
priorities in publi`c service delivery. It provides a
starting point for citizens and governments to
engage and create partnerships to improve basic
services.
WHAT IS A CRC
A CRC is a participatory survey that solicits feedback
of users on the performance of public services.
 Continued
 The findings of the survey are presented in a
CRC report. The CRC report, therefore, is a
collective reflection of citizens on the
performance of service providers formed by their
experience as a service user. The CRC goes
beyond being just a data collection exercise; it also
is a tool to exert public accountability through media
coverage and by action of civil society organizations
(CSOs) that accompanies the process.
 Continued
 CRC is one of SA tools which can be used to
generate credible service users’ feedback. CRC
can also be used to disseminate the feedback.
 CRC can be conducted with minimizing risks in

the context of COVID-19. The tool also enables

to gather views of representatives on service
priorities which makes the data credible.
 Continued
 Citizens report card (CRC) is generated through a
household survey. It means the CRC process is
conducted through gathering data from a
representative sample of households within a target
community.
 The CRC process involves data collection, analysis &

report writing of findings.

 CRCs can also reveal hidden costs incurred by users

in the form of bribes and corruption while seeking

access to or using a service.
 Why do we use CRC
 As a Diagnostic Tool:-The CRC can provide
citizens and governments with qualitative and
quantitative information about prevailing standards
and gaps in service delivery.
 It also measures the level of public awareness

about citizens' entitlements and responsibilities

 CRCs can gauge what citizens priorities are in terms

of improvement of services.
 It enhances citizen awareness on issues related to

public services. As they saying goes “knowing the

problem is half the solution”
 Continued
 As an Accountability Tool:-priorities identified using
CRC are used to demand improvements in services.
The CRC findings are used as a basis for dialogue.
Dialogue aims to identify and discuss specific
improvements in services. Officials can be persuaded to
work towards addressing specific issues.
 As a benchmarking tool:-if we conduct CRC
periodically, we can track changes in service quality
over time. This enables comparison of findings over
time. For e.g., citizen satisfaction on a service can be
tracked over years.
 Continued
.
 To reveal hidden costs:-The data collected from
households during the CRC survey is kept
confidential. This is to encourage citizens to share
information about ‘hidden’ costs. Hidden costs are
those costs beyond the mandated fees paid by users to
get a service. For e.g., households may be asked for
illegal payment for water pipeline or electricity line
repair. The confidentiality may help to reveal such
hidden costs.
 Continued
 CRCs are, in general, powerful tools when used
as part of a local or regional plan to improve
services. Institutions undertaking a program to
improve services could use CRCs to determine
whether the changes taking place are necessary and to
evaluate the impact of these changes
 Key CRC stages
 Stage 1:-Pre Survey Ground
 Stage 2:-Conducting the Survey
 Stage 3:-Post-survey analysis: triangulating with

secondary data, data interpretation and report writing

 Stage 4 :-Survey dissemination:-disseminating

findings & JAP alignment with the woreda budget

process
 What could be your roles and responsibilities in each

CRC stage
‘who does what’ during the CRC
process:
Implementing Partners:- in close collaboration with
the WSACs, are the secure organizations
responsible for coordination of the CRC survey by
deploying their staff (PCs, M&E officers, GSIEs and
WSAEs).
WSAEs:-act as enumerators and conduct the
interviews using tablets and enter data using the
ODK app which is linked with KoBoToolBox.
WSAEs who act as enumerators are responsible for
completing quality household interviews, entering.
 Continued
responses on the tablet during the interview, checking quality of
survey questionnaires before submitting each questionnaire
PCs, M&E officers and GSIEs:-are responsible for
conducting supportive supervision and quality
assurance of the field work.
The M&E unit of the MA:-supports the technical
aspects of the survey work including sampling
methodology, questionnaire design, data collection tools
and software, data storage, quality assurance support,
initial analysis and generation of survey results shared
with the IPs and WSACs for their further action.
 STAGE 1: PRE-SURVEY
GROUNDWORK
 This stage mainly focus on defining the scope and the
methodology of the CRC.
 preparatory work at this stage is ensuring that all

parties have a good understanding of public service

provision in their area
 IPs gain a basic level of social science survey

methodology
 This stage is designed to equip us with a set of

guidelines and procedures so that we have good CRC

understanding. This includes;-
 Continued
 the scope, purpose, methodology, sampling design
and questionnaires. This would help us prepare an
implementation plan for effective and efficient
implementation of the survey.
 One of the important activities prior to the data

collection is the sampling methodology. The

methodology help you identify the households for the
interviews
 Continued
 Under this stage, we are expected to collect
information about the woreda, kebeles,
‘gotts’/villages and number of households, as part of
your preparation to select representative sample
households
 In addition, we will also be familiar with the survey

instrument. The survey instrument is a well-designed

questions to ask respondents about their priorities .
 The second stage is Conducting the
survey
 Conducting the survey, is the stage where the actual
groundwork takes place. It is where enumerators are
gathering information and properly fill the data in the tablets.
This is the stage where the actual CRC process will take
place. The major tasks under this stage include:
1. Enumerator’s training
2. Carrying out the sampling design and
3. Conducting the actual field data collection from
sample households.
 .
 Continued
 Before data collection, we should organize a
comprehensive 3-day training for the survey enumerators.
In this case the WSAEs will be used as enumerators
 The next task under this stage is to carry out the sampling
design. The supervisor (M&E expert, GSIE or PC) together
with enumerators has design the final HH selection based
on the sampling guidelines.
 A key activity in this stage is the data collection. Data will
only be collected by conducting the interview using tablet.
 Continued
and entering the data using ODK app which is linked
with KoBoToolBox
In data collection, the other important activity is
supervision. Supervisors (PC, M&E) have the
responsibility to monitor the work of enumerators to
ensure data quality in the field. Supervisors will have
the role to observe the interview. This will help to
check whether the enumerators follow the sampling
procedures as mentioned in the enumerators field
manual.
 Generating CRC report
 The third, after data has been collected, focus on
generating CRC report which determines the key findings.
 At this stage, we are expected to develop the CRC report
with summarized key findings. In developing woreda level
report, MA will compile the data and makes it available to
IPs in the form of basic tables for our analysis and
interpretation. It is important that following the
interpretation of the CRC data, we are advised to use
secondary data if available to triangulate and validate the
CRC findings.
 Continued
 In our case, secondary data can be recent report study
that explain about the status of service and citizen
priorities.
 Following the triangulation (crosschecking the
validity and reliability of data), we, together with
WSACs are expected to reach an agreement on the
key findings. After that we would prepare the survey
report in a format and language that is user-friendly.
MA also shares report writing guidelines.
 Continued
 The outline of the CRC main report should include:
 Executive summary
 Survey objectives
 Methodology
 Major findings
 Conclusions and recommendations
The fourth and final stage of CRC survey is devoted
for the dissemination of the survey major findings to
key stakeholders
 Continued
Dissemination of findings:- is the last stages of the
CRC process. Here , the findings of CRC shall be
disseminated among WSAC/selected stakeholders.
The dissemination of the CRC survey findings is
critical to derive the maximum benefits. The CRC
survey usefulness would be quite limited if findings
are not shared. If not shared, it is unlikely to be used
to bring about meaningful improvements in public
service delivery. That is why we need to plan a
dissemination strategy. It has four basic tasks:
 Continued
 Identifying the intended audience/stakeholders;
 Deciding the channels/network and specific
activities to reach the audience;
 Understanding the role of strategic communication –
well planned communication strategy However, in
ESAP3, interface meeting would be the main
method or platform to disseminate CRC survey
findings. The ESAP CRC survey culminates in the
formulation of JAPs as a key method of
disseminating CRC findings.
 Woreda Planning and Budgeting
Process Aligning with JAP Priorities
 For the woreda plans and budgets to respond to the
needs and priorities of citizens as presented in the
JAP, it is essential that the larger citizens is invested
in the process. The content of the JAPs and the
commitment expressed by the government sector
offices are, therefore, aired on local media. IPs plans
have activities to work with local media on key parts of
the SA process.
II.Consultation Meeting
At the End of this session, Participants will
understand
 The Purpose of the meeting
 Preparation for the meeting
 Participants of the meeting
 Agendas for presentation and discussion
 Outputs of the consultation meeting

◦ Roles and responsibilities of key

stakeholders
Introduction
 Consultation with key stakeholders on the objective, scope
and important schedules of the CRC is important. By the
same token, reaching consensus on main roles of
stakeholders is essential.
 Consultation meeting is essential. Because;
• Key stakeholders have significant roles in CRC implementation
• To Include stakeholders at CRC preparation stage
• To Achieve desired outcomes
• To Enhance SA ownership
• Stakeholders can persuade others to cooperate
 The Purpose of the Consultation
Meeting
 The role of key stakeholders in the implementation of
the citizens report card tool must be significant
 to achieve the desired outcome of the CRC process and

to enhance ownership.
 key stakeholders should be aware of the citizens

report card process and they should also understand

what is expected from them.
 Their support and participation in the pre-study, and

post-study period will be increased.

 They can then also persuade other parties to cooperate
 Preparation for the Meeting
 Identify the location and date of the meeting
 organize a comfortable and open meeting room in a way
that takes into account local circumstances and COVID-19
 identify the type and number of participants (no more than
25 participants)
 send invitations timely
 project staff should have a good and the same
understanding of the meeting held across different woredas
 Prepare, share presentations and schedules for
WSAEs
 Share the CRC questionnaire to key stakeholders
Participants of the Meeting
 Representatives of local community structures, sectors,
 WSAC,
 Council,
 Woreda administration,
 FTA,
 Planning desk of finance office,
 Local media
 Agendas for presentation and
Discussion
 Main agenda items
• SA concepts and process
• CRC concept, objective, scope and stages
• Methodology
• Expected action after CRC report
• Roles and responsibilities of stakeholders
• Agreement by stakeholders
o On their roles in the CRC survey
o Shared schedule
• Documentation/minutes
Outputs of the consultation meeting
The expected outputs include:
 Awareness among stakeholders about the CRC tool,

objectives and scope.

• The roles of stakeholders are shared and consensus is
reached.
 Consensus on roles of stakeholders
 Key stakeholders’ feedback
 Roles and responsibilities of
stakeholders
 During preparation
• All stakeholders - participate in consultation meeting
• WSAC and woreda admin - support selecting representative
kebeles
• Woreda admin - provides information about population size
and the number of HHs
• Woreda admin - prepare letter and ID to enumerators
 Continued
During data collection
 IP, woreda admin and kebele admin provide need-

based support to enumerators

 Provide secondary documents for data triangulation

upon request from WSAC.

 Support IP in facilitation of the overall data collection

process.
 Continued
After data collection
 Share secondary sources of information like

assessments, plans, reports and service standards which

are helpful for triangulation.
 Take part in dissemination of the findings using existing

opportunities.
 Discussion priority issues that are used for JAP design

during interface meeting.

 Participate in interface meeting and JAP design.

 Participate in JAP follow-up meetings.

 Lobby in aligning JAP and woreda planning and budget

 Tips for consultation meeting
facilitator
The facilitator needs to take the following points into
consideration to make a meeting effective and productive:
 Internalize the consultation meeting guidelines and ensure

preparations for the meeting are made in time.

• Articulate the session objectives and confirm
understanding and acceptance among participants.
• Clarify the scope of the meeting and its objectives to keep
participants focused on the agenda and to enable them to
understand their roles after the meeting.
• State meeting ground rules (also called rules of engagement).
• Select and guide facilitation methods and processes that
enable participants to be engaged in the dialogue and provide
input
 Continued
 .
• Keep the group on track.
• Record, or appoint someone to record, thoughts, concerns,
key observations and recommendations shared during the
meeting.
• Check with the group for understanding and accuracy of input.
• Clarify ideas and progress by paraphrasing, synthesizing, and
confirming.
• Create a safe and positive climate in which relationships
become productive.
• Share the minutes with participants a few days after the
meeting for their reference and action
Next Presentations (Delegation)
 Data collection tools and forms- (How to use ODK
app) practice how to install ODK app, how to adjust
setting (URL, username, password and adjust form
management setting), get the survey forms shared by
MA.
 CRC pre-assessment survey- practice how to fill the

pre assessment survey form using ODK app

 CRC sampling methodology- practice based on the

collected household number from each kebele

 Practical Sampling Steps and
Exercise of the CRC (M&E Officer)
 An important activity prior to the survey is to sample
households for the interviews. Only by strictly
following rigorous sampling can the CRC report
present findings that are representative for the
whole woreda.
Sampling guidelines
 We do not need to interview every citizen in the

woreda to find out the common views and priorities

of the citizens in that woreda
 Continued
 Instead, we can take a sample of, for instance, 200
households to find common views with some level of
certainty.
 if we select 200 households who live in the same street, or 200
men, or 200 unemployed youth, the responses will not reflect
the views of all citizens in the woreda. Therefore, it is crucial
that our sample is selected randomly. That way, we have the
best chance that the sample is a true reflection of all citizens in
the woreda: men and women, employed and unemployed,
elderly and youth, people who are marginalized, educated or
uneducated, etc.
 Continued
 If enumerators do not adhere to random sampling
instructions, the CRC will not represent the views of
all citizens in the woreda. The JAP will then not
contain the true priorities of all citizens and the
WSAC will end up advocating for change that is not
the most important to people.
Sampling Procedures used in ESAP
 IPs shall follow below sampling procedure.
1,Selection of woredas:-already Implementing
woredas are selected (Yeka sub-city, Woreda
1,2,3,4,5,8,10,11)
2, Selection of kebeles (Ketena) :-Irrespective of the
total number of (Ketena) in the woreda, for every
woreda you need to select three non-adjacent
(Ketena) following these criteria:
 Continued
 For rural woredas the selected kebeles should
represent the urban – rural diversity within the
woreda.
 For urban woredas the selected kebeles should as

much as possible represent poor and non-poor

diversity within the woreda.
 A preferable selection could be

a) One kebele in a slum area

b) One kebele in non-slum area
c) One kebele in between, mix
 Continued
3.Selection of gotts and households
 In every woreda we will interview a total of 198

households (HHs). This will allow for a 95%

confidence interval and a 7% margin of error, which is
adequate for our purpose.
 The 198 HHs will be divided proportionally over

the 3 kebeles, e.g., a kebele with a higher

population will interview more households. For
instance:
 Type Population %of that HHs to be
of Ketenas population interviewed
Kebele 1 Urban 1,100.00 46% 91
Kebele 2 Rural 800.00 33% 66
Kebele 3 Rural 500.00 21% 41
Total 2400.00 100% 198
 Continued
 The enumerator will use ‘systematic sampling’ to select
HHs, using the following steps:
1. Calculate the sampling interval. This is done by
dividing the kebele population by the number of HHs
to be interviewed. However, to avoid too much
traveling in between HHs, a maximum sampling
interval is set. For rural areas, the maximum
sampling interval is 6; for urban areas, the
maximum interval is 15. For pastoralist areas, an
interval of 3 can be considered.
 Continued

In our example for kebele 2 the sampling interval

would be:
800 / 66 = 12,
But since 6 is the maximum for rural areas, 6
will be the sampling interval chosen.
 Continued
2.Liaise with the kebele administrator to get the number
of gotts (a sub-kebele administrative unit/village) in
the kebele and the number of HHs in each gott. The
 enumerator should randomly select a sufficient number of

gotts that are adjacent to each other.

 Number of gotts to be selected. Take the sampling
interval (see point 1 above) and multiply by the number
of HHs to be interviewed in that kebele. That number is
the total population you need. Now randomly select the
number of neighboring gotts that together have the total
population you need.
 Continued

Example for kebele 2: 66 x 6 = 396 is the total

population needed.
Kebele 2 has four gotts: Gott 1 with population of 250
HHs,
Gott 2 with population of 150 HHs
Gott 3 with population of 225 HHs
Gott 4 with population of 175 HHs
Provided they are neighboring, gott 3 and 4 can be
selected, or gott 1 and 2 with a
total of 400 HH.
 Continued
 Urban woredas: Select households on location with
a random start and using the calculated intervals or
use google earth or GIS data to locate households in
urban areas only if you have the technical
knowledge and preference. Use of GPS
coordinates will ease the geographic challenge
related to making patterns for counting HHs .
 Continued
4. If no list of HHs is available, the enumerator will
randomly sample on location.
 Enumerators should first get information on the

geographical pattern and housing structure of the

kebele/selected gotts. The supervisor and
enumerator can then decide on how to walk through
the area while selecting HHs using the calculated
interval.
 Continued
 If no geographical pattern exists: In urban areas the
enumerator shall start from the corner of the selected
gotts and start counting households walking straight
until the next curve and moving in a clockwise
direction when he/she reaches a turning point and
interview those households based on the sampling
interval until he finishes one block. He/she then could
move to the next block and continue the same process.
Throughout, the supervisor is expected to fill out a
sampling form which describes how
 kebele, gott and HHs were selected.
 Day 2
The CRC questionnaire
Specific objective of the session:
 Participants internalize the questionnaires through

practical exercise.
 Participants understand how to run the offline line

survey app and working with the tablet.

 Continued
 The CRC tool was pioneered in the 1990s in
Bangalore, India. It has been widely applied by
CSOs, governments and multilateral donor
agencies across the world. If applied regularly
over periods of time, CRCs can become
benchmarks as is seen in Rwanda, where the
Rwanda governance board has been undertaking
CRCs annually since 2010. CRCs can also reveal
hidden costs incurred by users in the form of bribes
and corruption while seeking access to or using a
service.
 Continued
 These different examples from around the world
show that CRCs can be adapted to different contexts
and purposes
 ESAP’s CRC pilot was implemented in 12 woredas

and has shaped the CRC tool to fit the current

Ethiopian context and stage of the ESAP program.
 The pilot ran for four months (December 2020 to

March 2021). The CRC tool is now ready to be

scaled to the remaining 405 woredas.
 The pilot was implemented by the MA in close
 Continued
 Collaboration with four experienced IPs. Each
implemented the CRC survey in three of their
woredas, broadly representing the conditions found in
the rest of ESAP woredas. The MA provided support
to these IPs in the CRC design and implementation
process
Structure of CRC Questionnaire
It has 5 structure
 Group A:-General information

 Group B: Respondent (self introduction,

purpose of the survey)

 GROUP C: Priority sectors (education, health,

agriculture, WASH, rural roads, or perhaps

other sectors like electricity or
telecommunication.
 Continued
 GROUP D: SA Process and budget
 GROUP E: Other
 Individual exercise: Ask the enumerators

to go through the whole questionnaires of

WASH sector (30 minutes)
 3. Question and answer: give time to

enumerators to raise any questions and

instructions on the questionnaire (15
 minutes)
Questionnaire Guidance
A General Information Question Response Skip
Type Options logic
A0 Collect the GPS location of The app (ODK)
1 the will
household automatically
provide GPS
A0 Select the implementing Select one
2 partner
Help: select code of lead
partner in your cluster
A0 Select your (enumerator) Select one
3 name
A0 Select woreda name Select one
4
 Continued
B GROUP B: Respondent Question Response options Skip
type logic
B00 Are you able to Select Yes
conduct the survey at one No -the survey will
this household? end
Hello! My name is _____. I am from Ethiopian social accountability
program implementing partner. The purpose of this survey is to identify
your priorities in public service provision. Your responses and
suggestions are important for understanding citizen priorities in
improving basic service delivery. The findings of this survey will be used
to develop a woreda joint action plan as an input into the woreda
planning and budgeting process. Your answers are kept anonymous and
confidential. We put everyone’s answers together for our research to
help improve services. You are selected to participate in this study
by chance through a random/lottery selection. Please be informed that
all households visited by us will not be identified in any document. We
would like to have an interview with you. Your participation in this study
 Continued
B01 Who is the Select 1. Head of household
respondent? one 2. Spouse
3. Other adult member
B02 Gender of the Select 1. Male
respondent one 2. Female
B03 Gender of the head of Select 1. Male
the one 2. Female
household? (ask if not
clear)
B04 What is your age? Number Respondent age must be
between 18 and 100
years old.
B05 What is your marital Select 1. Single
status? one 2. Married
 Continued
B06 What is highest level of Selec 1. No formal education
education you t one 2. Adult literacy
completed? 3. Primary school (1-8)
4. Secondary school (9-
12)
5. TVET/College
6. University
7. Other
B07 What is the main source Selec 1. Self-employed, business
of t one owner
2. Artisan
livelihood of your
3. Daily/monthly labourer
household?
4. Farmer/ Pastoralist
5. Employed in private sector
6. Public service provider
(teacher, nurse)
 Continued
B08 Are there school aged Numbe 1. Yes
children in your r 2. No
household?
B09 How many school aged Numbe Number of school B08=
children are there in your r aged children must 1
household? be between 1 and
11.
B10 Are there members in your Select 1. Yes
household who have one 2. No
special needs? 3. Not willing to
disclose
B11 Why do (does) this (these) Select 1. PwD B10=
household member(s) have many 2. PLWHIV 1
3. Other chronical
special needs?
illness (diabetes,
 Continued
B12 Please specify the text B11=
special needs of your 6
household member(s)
B13 Is your household a Select 1. No
PSNP client? one 2. Yes, public work
household (PSNP)
3. Yes, permanent
direct support
household (PSNP)
C GROUP C: Priority Questio Response options Skip
sectors n logic
type
Introduction
As a citizen, you are entitled to public services – whether
 Continued
C01 Which basic service has Select 1. Education
your one 2. Health
highest priority? 3. Agriculture
4. WASH
5. Rural road
C02 Which basic service has select 1. Education
your one 2. Health
second highest priority? 3. Agriculture
4. WASH
5. Rural road
6. None
C03 Which (other) public Select 1. Electricity
service has your highest one services
priority? 2.
 Continued
C03a Please specify text C03=
5
C04 Which (other) public Select one 1. Electricity
service has your services
second highest 2.
priority? Telecommunication
services
3. Land
administration
4. (urban) road
services
5. Other please
specify
6. None
 Continued
D0 Which focus areas within Select 1. Access to school
1 the many 2. Learning
education sector have your materials
highest priority? 3. Facilities (e.g.
(maximum of 3) classroom, toilet,
electricity)
4. Teachers
5. Special need
(inclusive)
education
D0 Why is access to school a Select 1. Located too far D01=
2 problem? many away 1
2. Difficult to reach
school due to road
problems
 Continued
D03 Why are learning Select 1.Textbooks D01=2
materials a many 2. Plasma tv
problem? 3.Blackboard
or chalk
4. Teaching
aids
5. Other
D04 Why are facilities a Select 1.Classroom D01=3
problem? many s
2. Benches
3. Toilets
4. Separate
facilities for
girls (e.g.
toilets,
 Continued
D05 Why are teachers a Select 1. Not enough D01=4
problem? many teachers
2. Teachers not
always there (not
available)
3. Behaviour or
attitude of
teachers
4. Quality of
teachers
5. Other
D06 Why is special needs Select 1. Tutorial classes D01=5
(inclusive) many for students with
education a problem? special needs
2. Special needs
 Continued
D07 I would like you to tell Select 1. Very satisfied
me how satisfied you one 2. Satisfied
are with education 3. Neutral
services. How satisfied 4. Dissatisfied
would you say you are? 5. Very dissatisfied
E Health
Day 3
Specific objective of the session:
Participants are equipped with

the practical experience in

conducting a survey.
 Continued

 Practice CRC questionnaire– Test CRC

questionnaire in sample HHs around the meeting
hall/hotel (one enumerator will interview 2-
3HHs)Test the CRC questionnaire using ODK app
(make sure that the selected area is different from the
study area)
Basic Interview Techniques
 Each interview is a new source of information;
make it interesting .
 The art of interviewing develops with practice
but there are certain basic principles which should
be followed by every successful enumerator.
 Enumerators
 are expected to make every effort to avoid refusals
because it will bias the survey results if we only
interview people who are immediately willing,
and not those who may be initially somewhat
reluctant.
 Continued
 Enumerator's effort aimed to convince respondents
to participate should not be an attempt to get
respondents to do something that they do not want
to do. Rather, it is a dialogue in which respondents’
concerns are heard.
 It is important that respondents understand that

their cooperation can help to ultimately influence

the government’s activities/planning and budgeting
session/process and improve service delivery and
standards in their own woreda
 Continued
 Most refusals are the result of respondents not being
clear about the purpose of a study. Therefore, a
misperception or lack of understanding among
potential respondents needs to be avoided.
 Gaining cooperation
 The enumerator and the respondent will, in most cases, be
strangers to each other. Therefore, one of the main tasks of
the enumerator is to establish rapport with the respondent.
 The respondent’s first impression of you, as the enumerator,
will influence her/his willingness to cooperate in the survey.
 Make sure that your appearance is neat and that you appear
and courteous when introducing yourself.
 Your appearance and dressing should conform to the culture
and the environment; this will make the respondents take
you and the survey work seriously.
 Do not overdress when working in poor neighborhoods or rural
areas.
 Continued
 Do not overdress when working in poor
neighborhoods or rural areas.
 Start interviewing only when you have done the
following: exchanged proper greetings; identified
yourself; explained the purpose of your visit; and
have answered any questions and/or clarified issues
about the survey that the people may ask.
 do not spend too much time asking and/or answering

unnecessary questions. You may cleverly avoid such

questions by suggesting that you have limited time.
Enumerator:.
 The enumerator is advised to avoid long discussions on issues
which are not related to the survey and may consume a lot of
his/her time.
 please introduce yourself using the following script. You must
state this introduction exactly as it is written below
“Hello! My name is _____. I am from Ethiopian social accountability program implementing
partner. (Name of IP). The purpose of this survey is to identify your priorities in public service
provision. Your responses and suggestions are important for understanding citizen
priorities in improving basic service delivery. The findings of this survey will be used to
develop a woreda joint action plan as an input into the woreda planning and budgeting
process. Your answers are kept anonymous and confidential. We put everyone’s answers
together for our research to help improve services. You are selected to participate in this
study by chance through a random/lottery selection. Please be informed that all households
visited by us will not be identified in any document. We would like to have an interview with
you. Your participation in this study is voluntary. The survey will cover different sections
including a background information, identification of your priority public
services/sectors and related follow up questions”.
 Continued
 To protect the rights of the respondents it is essential
to first allow him/her to consent to the interview.
Accordingly, the enumerator should ask the
respondent politely to get his/her full consent.
After building rapport with the respondent, the
enumerator can start the interview.
 Note that most people are usually polite, especially

to strangers/visitors.
 Continued
They tend to give answers that they think will please
the enumerator. It is, therefore, extremely important
that you remain neutral towards the subject matter
of the interview.
 Do not show any surprise, approval, or disapproval

of the respondent’s answer by your tone of voice or

facial expression.
Specifically, the following guidelines will
guide you on how to handle interviews
 Ensure that you understand each of the questions in
the survey questionaries.
 Ask the questions exactly as they are set out in the

questionnaire.
 Help your respondents to feel comfortable, but

make sure you do not suggest answers to them. Do

not ask leading questions. Work steadily and make
sure that the answers are clear to you before you
fill or write them down.
 Tactfully ask further questions to obtain the correct

answers (probe).
 Continued
 Record answers on the offline survey app immediately after the respondent
gives you the responses.
 Never rely on filling or writing answers in a sheet for transfer to the offline
survey questionnaire later.
 Before you leave the household make sure you have completed the
whole questionnaire correctly and saved on the offline app.
 Speak clearly and be convincing to ensure that people take you seriously.
 Accept answers given by respondents. If you doubt whether the
respondent accurately understands the question, repeat.
 Never enter into a private property/premises/compound unless the
homeowner invites you to do so.
 If a household recently experienced a death or serious illness of a person,
you may need to decide to go the next HH.
 Never delegate your duties to anyone else.
Do’s and Don'ts Do’s tips during the
interview
 Phone use: NEVER answer your phone in the middle of a
survey. If your field supervisor needs to contact you urgently,
they will call later. It is inappropriate to answer your phone for
anything other than a professional or emergency.
 Phones always on. Communication is of the utmost

importance. If your phone is off and we cannot reach you

that wastes our time and resources. During interviews,
please put your phone on “silent” or “vibrate” mode.
 Be on time: that means to never be late to start the data

collection.
 Number of surveys per day: Each enumerator should conduct

a minimum of six surveys each day.

 Safeguarding
 What is safeguarding? It is action taken to protect
all involved in the survey from harm, particularly
vulnerable groups. Thus, safeguarding means
protecting a person’s right to live in safety, free from
abuse and neglect.
 all human beings including those that are vulnerable

regardless of their age, ability or disability, gender,

religion, marital status etc. have the right to be
protected from abuse and poor practice.
 Continued
 Safeguarding is about keeping people safe from harm
that has been caused, knowingly or unknowingly, by
the organization’s staff and/or associates.
 Safeguarding prior to CRC survey: Conducting

CRC survey leads to work with vulnerable groups,

in which anyone who is involved in the process
should be reassured by taking into consideration,
such as:
 Continued
 Training of enumerators: The benefits of the training
are to: understand which individuals are at risk of
harm or are particularly vulnerable.
 recognize significant signs of neglect, discomfort,

and abuse.
 effectively communicate with vulnerable groups.
 what to do if someone discloses information about

their or others’ safety.

 know how to capture, record and report incidents or

suspected incidents.
 maintain the safety and security of enumerators.
Safeguarding during enumeration
 Whenever staff of an institution conduct survey
research, terms of reference should set out the
requirements for the right behavior during collection,
retention, use, disclosure and disposal of personal
information.
 Keeping the confidentiality of information takes

priority. Confidentiality means that information

collected is being shielded from access by those who
do not need to access it for completing their tasks on
the survey, or any other outsider.
 Continued
 The institution is also ultimately responsible for
keeping the safety of the enumerators, especially
female enumerators, by collaborating with the
existing responsible security personnel at local level
or any other arrangements as deemed necessary.
Safeguarding after the CRC survey
 As for other elements of the survey, the staff and

others that are involved in the process need to report

outstanding safeguarding concerns/incidents prior to
closure of the survey.
 Role and Responsibility of Enumerator

 The enumerator’s main duty is to carry out the survey

effectively and within the assigned time frame.
 The main responsibilities of the enumerator are to
determine/identify the sample HHs based on the sampling
guidelines and to make contact to the respondents in person to
conduct the interview and enter responses/data in the tablet
via ODK Collect and send to the KOBO Toolbox platform.
After completion of the enumerator training,
 duties can be divided into three phases:
 A) preparatory,
 B) actual enumeration/data collection/interview;
 C) activities after enumeration.
 Preparatory phase
 clear timeline, getting clearance from the local
officials, and completing the enumerator training as
trainees.
 Enumerators make sure they prepare well and make

available all necessary equipment needed for field data

collection.
 Each enumerator completes the following list prior

to traveling to the field to conduct the survey

 Continued
 receiving the tablet and the link to the survey in KOBO
Toolbox platform
 the CRC survey/data form should be uploaded in the ODK
collect application on your tablet.
 Study all relevant documents before you start enumerating.
 Understand and familiarize yourself with the sampling
method, questionnaire (each question and instruction)
offline app and the purpose of the survey.
 Practice how to open your mobile hotspot and connect
with the tablet to submit their data/survey form with
KOBO Toolbox.
 Continued
 Make sure that you have the skills to enter the data
using the ODK Toolbox app and be familiar with
navigating the tablet and submitting data to KOBO
Toolbox.
 Make sure you have access to electricity and mobile

data on enumeration days.

 Receive clearance from the woreda administration and

inform the kebele administration of the survey prior to

conducting it.
 Continued
 Be equipped with the interview procedure/skills.
 Make sure that you carry your ID with you all the

time.
 Discuss/ask your supervisor in case you need for

further explanation or support.

 Do NOT install any other app on the tablet, or risk

disciplinary action.
 Do NOT change the setting of either the device or the

app
During enumeration phase/interview
The activities carried out during this phase include:
 At the start of each day, check whether you have all

the necessary survey equipment with you at hand.

 Make sure that both your phone and tablet are fully

charged every day/night.

 At the start of each interview, and at any relevant

occasion, stress the confidentiality of the information

you are collecting.
 Ensure that any of responses are correctly filled and

saved on the survey.

 Continued
 Always try to contact the head of HH or spouse to
answer the survey questions. If none of them are
available, you can interview another adult member of
the household.
 Synchronize the survey frequently but, at a minimum,

daily so collected data is saved centrally.

 Creating conducive environment. Before the start of

an interview, make sure the location for the interview

is convenient to conduct the interview;
 Identify sample households based on the sampling
 Continued
 instruction and introduce yourself as the enumerator;
 Check that the questionnaire is correctly completed, and

responses are consistent

 Report to your supervisor every day by any means possible

the number of households you enumerated and the

challenges you faced; and take input of your supervisor from
his/her review of collected data and other observations.
 Make every effort to keep the tablet safe and avoid loss of

any field materials.

 Make sure you have taken the necessary COVID-19

prevention precautions.
 After the enumeration/data
collection phase
The activities to be carried out in this phase in
clude:
 Complete all enumeration and submit the data with the

KOBO Toolbox.
 Prepare briefing notes for the supervisor on the

challenges/problems encountered.
 Make arrangement with your supervisor how and when

to hand over all the survey documents, other

deliverables, and the tablet
 Continued
 It is important to make a distinction between the
different vulnerable groups. While it is probable
that priorities identified by youth and elderly
respondents are included in the HH surveys, it is less
likely to get views of PLWHIV and PLWD due to the
stigma.
 To increase the probability that the priorities of

vulnerable groups are included in the survey, the

questionnaire is adapted to include questions
specifically geared toward the interests of vulnerable
groups.
 Continued
 Geography and environment, history, culture,
politics, economy and infrastructure all shape
communities differently over time.
 For instance, a small town on a highway may have

more PLWHIV; regional border areas may have

more diverse ethnicity with marginalized groups;
 in some cultures, women may be more

marginalized than in other cultures; some locations

can have higher levels of
 types of disabilities (e.g., blindness, epilepsy,
 Continued
 intellectual disabilities). There are some vulnerable
groups that may have more commonly limited access
to services and little say in decision-making about
those services
Thank God