UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING

Bachelor of Engineering (Aerospace Engineering)

DISCOVER . LEARN .
EMPOWER
 22AST-216
Academic Session : JUL- DEC 2023
Semester : III
Mr. UMA SHANKER
Faculty of Aerospace Department,
Chandigarh University
uma.e8134@cumail.in
 Primary Goals

This undergraduate level course of Material Science identify the types of

materials used.
The primary goal of this course is to learn about the fundamentals of
material behavior of various aerospace vehicles.

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 COURSE PRE-REQUISITES

Students are expected to have a basic understanding of metallurgic

properties under ideal as well in real conditions

Additionally, students must have taken a course of Physics,

Aerothermodynamics and Chemistry which involves the conceptual and
mathematical analysis etc.

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 COURSE OBJECTIVE

This course will give an opportunity to gain scientific understanding

regarding the choice and manipulation of materials for desired
engineering application

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 Lect-22-B
SYLLABUS
UNIT-2
3. Electronic Materials: Fermi energy and Fermi–Dirac distribution
function –Variation of Fermi level with temperature in intrinsic and
extrinsic semiconductors – Hall Effect – Dilute Magnetic
Semiconductors (DMS) and their applications.

4.Photonic Materials: LED – LCD – Photo conducting materials –

Photo detectors– Photonic crystals and applications – Elementary ideas
of Non-linear optical materials and their applications.

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 Photonic Materials
Photonics materials are materials that emit, detect, or manipulate or control
light

Specialities:

• Ultra-wide bandgap semiconductors for optoelectronics

Note-
•The quest for controlling light emission and propagation has a history of more
than a century

• With the introduction of the term ‘photon’ in 1926 and subsequently the
advent of lasers in 1960’s, there has been unprecedented progress in the
understanding of light and its propagation
Conti…

• There have been incredible discoveries in the areas of linear and nonlinear
optics, quantum optics, ultra-precision measurements, quantum metrology,
optical communications, imaging sciences, and even medical physics

• At the origin of these great strides is the ability to exercise a reliable control
over light and its propagation deterministically in photonic materials
• The flow of light propagation and emission at the nano-scale has led to the
development of a kind of photonic materials known as “photonic
metamaterials” with unparallel applications

• These include photonic crystals, plasmonic materials, negative refractive index

medium (Implies that the phase of a wave decreases rather than advances with
passage through the medium) and meta-surfaces (an efficient way of designing
three-dimensional arbitrary shaped)
Conti…
• These systems have advantages over conventional photonic materials in terms
of their ability to engineer light propagation and emission in such a way to
enhance or suppress the emission in any spectral range of interest in both
frequency and time domain
Note-
•Photon, also known as light quantum, is a minute energy packet of
electromagnetic radiation. The idea of photon arose in 1905 from Albert
Einstein's description of the photoelectric effect, in which he suggested that the
presence of discrete energy packets during the transmission of light

•“Photonic” comes from “photon” which is the smallest unit of light just as an
electron is the smallest unit of electricity

•Photonics is the generation, process and manipulstion of photon to achieve a

certain function
 Why Do We Need Photonics Instead of Electrons ?

An “All- Pervasive” Technology

•Uninhibited light travels thousand of times faster than electrons in computer

chips
•Optical computers will compute thousand of times faster than any electronic
computer which can ever achieve due to the physical limitation differences
between light and electricity
•It can pack more wavelengths (i.e. information channels) into a optical fibre so
that the transmission bandwidth is increased than conventional copper wires
•Light encounters no electromagnetic interference than that of electron in copper
wires
 What are Photonic Crystals?

• Photonic crystals are a new type of

materials displaying unusual and
attractive properties in the
interaction with light

• Due to periodic modulation of the

refractive index of the material, It is
possible to create tailored
dispersion relations and stop bands
of light propagating through the
materials
 Features of photonic crystals
• Made of low- loss periodic dielectric medium (a medium in which the electric
conductivity is not equal to zero yet it is not a good conductor)

• Optical analog to the electrical semiconductors

• Able to localize light in specified areas by preventing light from propagating

in certain directions- Optical bandgap
 Photonic Crystals (The Principle)

• Periodic arrangement of ions (any atom or group of atoms that bears one or
more positive or negative electrical charges) on a lattice gives rise to energy
band structure in semiconductors which control motion of charge carriers
through crystals

• Similarly, in photonic crystals, the periodic arrangement of refractive index

variation, controls how photons are able to move through crystals

Analogy with semiconductors

•Semiconductors: potential periodicity

•Photonic crystals: dielectric periodicity

 Applications of Photonic Crystals

• Perfect Mirror: There are materials that reflect the frequency range of
interest, with essentially no loss at all. Such materials are widely available all
the way from the ultraviolet regime to the microwave

• Nonlinear Effects: Using nonlinear properties of materials for construction of

photonic crystal lattice open new possibilities for molding the flow of light

• In this case, the dielectric constant is additionally depend on intensity of

incident electromagnetic radiation and any non linear optics phenomena can
appeared

• Novel Semiconductor Lasers and Light Emitters: Efficient light sources

(e.g. for lighting, displays) and novel types of optical sensors, e.g. for
biomedical applications
 LED AND LCD
Light Emitting Diode (LED):

•LED is a type of LCD that actually accompanies the advancement of technology

•This replaces the fluorescent tube with backlight technology, which produces a
clearer picture than the LCD

•LED have wider viewing angle than the LCD. It have better black level and
contrast in comparison to LCD display

•LED delivers better color accuracy in comparison to the LCD

Advantage:
•LED have very long life
•It requires low maintenance
•LED doesn’t produce heat
•LED is highly efficient
Disadvantage:
•It is more costly
•It have restricted viewing angle

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD):

•An LCD is a passive device, which means that it does not deliver any light to
display characters, animations, videos, etc
•LCD uses fluorescent tubes to lighten the picture, but can’t provide a clearer
picture as LED delivers
 • It delivers good color accuracy, but we can notice the difference if we compare
LED and LCD color accuracy
• In LCD, the wide-angle decreases with 30 degrees from the center in the image
then the contrast ratio

Advantage:
•It consumes less power
•It includes millions of colors
•It is lighter than LED
Disadvantage:
•It needs extra light sources
•It have also restricted viewing
angle
•Its speed is very slow LED edge lighting, LED full array, CCFL lighting compared
Difference between LED and LCD
Conti…
 Photo conducting materials
• Generally, materials are classified into three main categories depending on
their capacity to conduct electric current throughout them i.e.
semiconductors, conductors, and insulators

• So the main disparity within conductivity of these materials creates from the
difference within their energy-band structure

• When the light falls on the materials, then the conductivity of whose material
significantly increases is known as photoconductor material

• The increased conductivity is called photoconductivity which is observed

mainly in semiconductors
Conti…
• A photoconductor or Photoconductivity is an electrical & optical phenomenon
where a material turns into conductive more electrically because of the
electromagnetic radiation absorption like infrared light, ultraviolet light, visible
light, or gamma radiation.
• Once a semiconductor material absorbs light, then the number of charge
carriers & also its electrical conductivity will be increased
• Once a load resistor & a bias voltage are used with the semiconductor in series,
then a voltage drop across the load resistor can be measured while the change
within the material’s electrical conductivity changes the current flowing
throughout the circuit
• The photoconductive materials examples are the conductive polymer polyvinyl
carbazole material is used widely in photocopying and lead sulfide material is
used in IR detection applications like the Russian Atoll heat-seeking missiles,
U.S. Sidewinder & selenium is used in early xerography & television
 Photoconductor Construction & Working Principle
• The photoconductor includes a light-
sensitive material that is arranged in
a long strip zigzag form across a
base that is in a disc shape

• The connecting terminals are fixed

to the conducting material on every
side of the strip

• So, the light-sensitive material is a

wide strip in between the two
conductors and a transparent plastic
cover is used for its protection
Conti…

• The two materials like CdSe (cadmium selenide) & CdS (Cadmium sulfide)
are used in the manufacturing of photoconductive cells
• These two materials respond quite slowly to changes within light intensity

• So, the response time of CdSe is approximately 10 ms, whereas, for CdS, it
may be 100 ms
• Another main difference between these two materials is temperature
sensitivity because there is a huge change within the resistance of a CdSe cell
through changes in ambient temperature; however, the cadmium sulfide
resistance remains fairly stable
• The spectral response of a CdS cell is related to that of the human eye because
it quickly responds to visible light
 Photo detectors

• The photodetector is an essential component in an optical receiver that converts

the incoming optical signal into an electrical signal i.e. Photodetectors are
devices used for the detection of light – in most cases of its optical power
• Photodetectors are usually understood as photon detectors, which in some way
utilize the photo-excitation of electric carriers
• Semiconductor photodetectors are usually called photodiodes because these are
the main types of photodetectors utilized in optical communication systems due
to their quick detection speed, high detection efficiency & small size
• Photodetectors usually deliver an electronic output signal – for example, a
voltage or electric current which is proportional to the incident optical power.
They are thus belonging to the area of optoelectronics
Conti…
• Photodetectors are widely used in industrial electronics, electronic
communications, medicine & healthcare, analytical equipment, automotive &
transport, and many more.
• These are also known as photosensors and sensors of light

What is Photodetector?

• An optoelectronic device that is used to detect the incident light or optical

power to convert it into an electrical signal is known as a photodetector
• These sensors are absolutely needed for different scientific implementations
like process control, fiber optic communication systems, safety, environmental
sensing & also in defense applications
• Examples of photodetectors are phototransistors and photodiodes
 Photodetector
Photon detectors count photons of light. A photon detector has some surface that
absorbs photons and produces some effect (current, voltage) proportional to the
number of photons absorbed
TEXT BOOKS:

1. Palanisamy P.K., Physics II, Material Science for ECE, Scitech Publications (India) Pvt Ltd., 2006.

2. Safa O. Kasap, Principles of Electronic materials and devices, McGraw Hill Publishers, 3rd Edition,
2006.

3.W F Smith, Materials Science and Engineering,

REFERENCES:

1. Arumugam.M, Physics II, Material Science for ECE, Anuradha Publishers, 5th Edition, 2005.

2. Jacob Millman, Christos C.Halkais, Electronic Devices and Circuits, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi,
1991.

3. Charles Kittel, Introduction to solid state physics, 7th Edition, John Wiley & sons (ASIA) Pvt. Ltd.

1. Sze. S.M., Semiconductor Devices – Physics and Technology, 2nd edn. John Wiley, 2002.