Name : Vishik Pruthviraj Chavan

Subject : ( ECI )
Semester : 3rd Sem
Branch : EE
Subject Teacher :
Hall effect
• The Hall effect is the production of a voltage difference (the Hall voltage) across an
electrical conductor that is transverse to an electric current in the conductor and to
an applied magnetic field perpendicular to the current. It was discovered by
Edwin Hall in 1879
• A Hall effect can also occur across a void or hole in a semiconductor or metal plate,
when current is injected via contacts that lie on the boundary or edge of the void or
hole, and the charge flows outside the void or hole, in the metal or semiconductor.
• Superposition may also be realized in the Hall effect: first imagine the standard Hall
configuration, a simply connected (void-less) thin rectangular homogeneous Hall
plate with current and voltage contacts on the (external) boundary which develops a
Hall voltage in a perpendicular magnetic field.
• The Hall coefficient is defined as the ratio of the induced electric field to the
product of the current density and the applied magnetic field. It is a characteristic of
the material from which the conductor is made, since its value depends on the type,
number, and properties of the charge carriers that constitute the current.
Hall effect sensor
• A Hall effect sensor (or simply Hall sensor) is a type of sensor which detects the presence and
magnitude of a magnetic field using the Hall effect. The output voltage of a Hall sensor is directly
proportional to the strength of the field. It is named for the American physicist Edwin Hall.[
• Hall sensors are used for proximity sensing, positioning, speed detection, and current sensing
applications.[2] Frequently, a Hall sensor is combined with threshold detection to act as a binary
switch. Commonly seen in industrial applications such as the pictured pneumatic cylinder, they are
also used in consumer equipment; for example, some computer printers use them to detect missing
paper and open covers. Some 3D printers use them to measure filament thickness.
Working Principle
• The principle of Hall voltage is used as a working principle of the Hall Effect sensor. On a thin
strip of a conductor, electrons flow in a straight line when electricity is applied. When this charged
conductor comes in contact with the magnetic field which is in a perpendicular direction to the
motion of electrons, the electrons get deflected.
• Some electrons get collected on one side while some on another side. Due to this, one of the
conductor’s plane behaves as negatively charged while the other behaves as positively charged.
This creates potential difference and voltage is generated. This voltage is called the Hall voltage.
• The electrons continue to move from one side of the plane to other till a balance is achieved
between the force applied on charged particles due to an electric field and the force that caused
magnetic flux that caused this change. When this separation stops, the hall voltage value at that
instant gives the measure of magnetic flux density.
• Based on the relation between hall voltage and magnetic flux density, Hall Effect sensors are of
two types. In the linear sensor, the output voltage is linearly related to magnetic flux density. In the
threshold sensor, at each magnetic flux density, the output voltage will have a sharp decrease.
• In a Hall sensor, a current is applied to a thin strip of metal. In the presence of a magnetic field
perpendicular to the direction of the current, the charge carriers are deflected by the Lorentz force,
producing a difference in electric potential (voltage) between the two sides of the strip. This voltage
difference (the Hall voltage) is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field.

• Hall effect sensors respond to static (non-changing) magnetic fields. This is a key difference from
inductive sensors, which respond only to changes in fields.
Application
• When combined with threshold detection they act as a switch.
• These are used in ultra-high-reliability applications such as keyboards.
• Hall Effect sensors are used to time the speed of wheels and shafts.
• These are used to detect the position of permanent magnet in brushless electric DC motors.
• Hall Effect sensors are embedded in digital electronic devices along with linear transducers.
• Sensing the presence of the magnetic field in industrial applications.
• Used in smartphone to check whether the flip cover accessory is closed.
• For contactless measurement of DC current in current transformers, Hall Effect sensor is used.
• This is used as a sensor to detect the fuel levels in automobiles.urrent
Advantages
• High speed operation over 100 KHz possible. Whereas at high frequencies the inductive
or capacitive sensor output begins to distort.
• When packed immune to dust, air, water where as capacitive sensor may get triggered by
dust.
• It can measure zero speed.
• Non contact operation so there is no wear and friction, hence unlimited number of
operating cycles.
• Highly repeatable operation.
• Capable of measuring large current.
Dis-advantages
• It may be affected by external interfering magnetic field.
• Large temperature drift.
• Large offset voltage.
Applications for Hall Effect sensors
Hall Effect sensors have a wide range of applications. They are used in many industries, we see a
high demand for them in the Motorsport industry where they are used on sequential gearboxes,
throttle measurement where the non-contacting, wear free principle, is very prominent. Some other
applications for Hall Effect sensors include;
• Automation equipment
• Mobile vehicle
• Marine
• Handling equipment
• Agricultural machinery
• Process and packaging machines
• Slitting & rewinding machines
Reference
• Everything You Need To Know About Hall Effect Sensors | RS Components | RS
• ^ a b Ramsden, Edward (2006). Hall-effect sensors: theory and applications (2, illustrated ed.).
Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7506-7934-3.
• ^ Popović, R. S. (2004). Hall effect devices (2, illustrated ed.). CRC Press. ISBN
978-0-7503-0855-7.
• ^ Petruk, Oleg; Szewczyk, Roman; Ciuk, Tymoteusz; et al. (2014). Sensitivity and Offset Voltage
Testing in the Hall-Effect Sensors Made of Graphene. Advances in Intelligent Systems and
Computing. Vol. 267. Springer. p. 631. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-05353-0_60. ISBN
978-3-319-05352-3.
• ^ "Hall Effect Sensor Voltage Regulation and Power Management". phareselectronics.com.
Retrieved 26 May2015.