Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Money
Money
Money
of money
Terms to know:
Definition of money
Kinds of money
Functions of money
Meaning of Barter:
There was a time when money did not exist, people
used to exchange goods for goods.
Or
Difficulties in E D Payments in
tax collection the future
Inconveniences of Barter system:
Lack of double coincidence of wants:
First difficulty was that… exchange of goods can take place b/w
two persons only if each posses the good which the other wants.
The primary
functions of
Medium of exchange
1 money are;
Unit of account
2
Standard of deferred 3
payments
4
Store of values
Functions of money (primary funct.):
The secondary
functions of
1 money are;
Aid to production
Money facilitates 2
to FOP
Money as a tool of 3
monetary management
Money as an instrument 4
of making loan
Functions of money (secondary functions):
The contingent
functions of
Distribution of 1 money are;
National income
Basis of credit
2
3
Liquidity of property
Functions of money (contingent
functions):
C. The Contingent functions of money are as follows:
3. Liquidity of property:
Money gives a liquid form to wealth. A property can
be converted into liquid form with the use of money.
Essential attributes of a good money
The essential attributes of a good money material
are as follows:
1. General acceptability: The essential quality of a
good money material is that it would be
acceptable to all without any hesitation in
exchange for goods and services.
2. Stability of value: Another very important
attribute of good money is that it should be fairly
stable in value .If the commodity chosen as
money is subject to violent fluctuations, then that
Qualities of a good money material
cont…..
is a useless money. Money is the standard by which we
measure the value of all other commodities and if the
standard itself is influenced by changes in its demand
and supply ,then how does it serve as a perfect money.
3. Transportability: The commodity chosen should be
easily transportable without any depreciation. It should
have a large value in small bulk.
4. Storability: Another requisite of a good money
material is that it should be storable without
depreciation .If the commodity chosen as money is
perishable ,then that cannot serve as a good money.
Qualities of a good money material
cont…..
5. Divisibility: The commodity chosen as
money should be capable of being re
United without losing its value.
6. Homogenity: The commodity as money
should be of uniform quality and capable
of standardization.
7. Cognizability . One very essential
condition of perfect money is that it
should be easily recognized by the eye ,
ear or touch.
Origin
Origin and
and Growth
Growth of
of
Commercial
Commercial Banking
Banking
Terms to know:
3
1 Evolution of Banking
Functions of commercial
2 Bank
Role of commercial Banks
in the economic
3
3 development
4 Classification of Banks
Evolution of Banking
There are various views about the origin of the ‘bank’.
One view is that it is derived from an Italian word
‘banque’ which means a ‘bench’.
The goldsmiths
The merchants
Evolution of Banking (cont’d):
The merchants:
The earliest stage in the growth of banking can be traced
to the working of merchants.
These merchants were traders in commodities and those
activities were carried on by them from one place to
another.
The traders faced many difficulties to carry metallic
money with themselves for payment.
The traders with high reputation began to issue receipts
which were accepted as titles of money.
These receipts or letters of transfer also called hundi in
indo sub continent were first mode of payment .The
merchant banking thus forms the earliest stage in the
evolution of banking.
Evolution of Banking (cont’d):
The goldsmiths:
The second stage in the growth of banking is normally
traced to earlier goldsmiths.
Functions of commercial
Banks
1) Basic functions:
The basic functions of commercial banks are
(A) Accepting of deposits and (B) Advancing of loans
A. Accept of deposits:
In order to attract the savings from different persons
and institutions, the banks maintain the following
three types of accounts:
Saving account:
The banks pay interest on this types of deposits and
advance the facility to withdraw the amount, subject
to certain restrictions.
Functions of commercial banks
iii. Fixed deposit account:
Fixed deposit (term deposit) are kept with the banks
for a specified period of time.
The rate of interest on fixed deposits are fairly high.
The longer the period of deposit, the higher is the
rate of interest.
B. Making loans:
the lending of money may be in any of the following
forms;
2. Commercial Banks:
Commercial banks are the financial institutions, which
perform general banking functions.
They receive deposits, advance loans and create
credit.
Classification of Banks:
3. Industrial Banks:
The industrial banks mainly provide, medium and long-
term credit to the industries.
These banks are established for industrial development.
4. Agriculture Banks:
Agricultural banks are set up to provide financial assistance
to the agriculturists.
They advances short-term and long-term credit to the
formers for purchasing seeds, tractors and introducing
modern techniques in forming.
Classification of Banks:
5. Mortgage Banks:
Such banks mortgage land, houses and other property and
advance loans. Some commercial banks perform such
activates.
6. Exchange Banks:
Exchange banks mainly deal with international trade. These
banks take the responsibility of settlement of foreign
exchange and arrange the foreign business.
7. Investment Banks:
These banks provide funds for long-term projects. They can
raise their funds by getting deposits or selling share/stocks,
issuing bonds or commercial paper.
Instruments of Credit
Terms to know:
1. Definition of Credit
2. Instruments of Credit
3. Documentary/Negotiable
Credit Instruments
Definition of Credit:
The word ‘Credit’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Credo’ which
means “I trust you”.
1) Promissory Note:
It is an unconditional written promise by one person to
another in which the maker (Payer) promises to pay on
demand or at a fixed or determinable date in the future,
a stated sum of money to or to the order of a specified
person or to the bearer of the instrument .
Instruments of Credit (cont’d):
Maker: He is the person who draws and signs the promissory note
and promises to pay the amount.
Payee: He is the person to whom the amount of the promissory
note is payable.
2) Bill of Exchange:
A bill of exchange is a peace of paper representing a
promise by the buyers of goods on credit, to pay the
seller at a specified time.
Bill of Exchange:
Payee
3. Cheque:
A written order of a depositor upon a bank to pay to or
to the order of a designated party or to bearer, a
specified sum of money on demand.
Cheque:
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Counter
Amount in
work Account Number Code Number
Words
Features or Characteristics
of the Cheque:
Financial markets
and their
functions
Terms to know:
MONEY CAPITAL
MARKET MARKET
Money Market:
1. Money market: is a financial market for short term
loans. It basically meets the short term requirements of
the borrowers for money and provides liquidity of cash
to the lenders. Technically money markets refers to the
collection of institutions engaged in the employment of
short term funds.
In the money market, commercial banks are the most
important lenders.
MONEY MARKET
The commercial banks also lend their surplus funds on call to other
banks as they need them.
Treasury bills are usually issued for meeting the temporary deficit
which a government faces due to excess of its expenditure over revenue
at some point of time. Thy should not be made a permanent source of
funds for the central government.
Instruments of money market:
Under a Repo transaction, the treasury bills and securities are sold
by their holder to an investor with an agreement to repurchase
them at a predetermined rate and date. Under reverse Repo
transactions , securities are purchased at with a simultaneous
commitment to resell at a predetermined rate and date .
Importance of money market
If the money market is well developed and broad based in a country ,
it greatly helps in the economic development of a country. The
importance of money market in brief is given as under.
1. Financing industry: A well developed money market helps the
industries to secure short term loans for meeting their working
capital requirements . It thus saves a number of industrial units
from becoming sick.
2. Financing trade: An outward and a well knit money market
system plays an important role in financing the domestic as well as
international trade. The traders can get short term finance from
banks by discounting bills of exchange. The acceptance houses and
discount market help in financing foreign trade.
continue
3. Profitable investment: The money market helps the commercial
banks to earn profit by investing their surplus funds in the
purchase of treasury bills and bills of exchange . These short term
credit instruments are not only safe but also highly liquid. The
banks can easily convert them into cash at a short notice.
4. Self sufficiency of banks: The money markets is useful for the
commercial banks themselves . If the commercial banks are at any
time in need of funds , they can meet their requirements by
recalling their old short term loans from the money market.
5. Effective implementation of monetary policy: The well
developed money market helps the central bank in shaping and
controlling the flow of money in the country. The central bank
mops up excess short term liquidity through the sale of treasury
bills and injects liquidity by purchase of treasury bills.
continue
6. Encourage economic growth: if the money
market is well organized , it safeguards the liquidity and safety of
financial asset. This encourage the twin functions of economic
growth , savings and investment.
7. Proper allocation of resources: In the money market , the
demand for and supply of loan able funds are brought at
equilibrium . The savings of the community are converted into
investment which leads to proper allocation of resources in the
country.
What is capital market?
2. Capital Market:
Capital Market
BONDS
Debt
GOVERNMENT SECURITIES
instruments
Mortgages
Instruments of capital market:
I. Bonds:
II. Mortgages:
The long term debt instruments are issued by the govt. of a country to finance the
deficit of the budget.
B. Issue of shares:
The second method of raising funds is by issuing of shares by the public limited
companies.
The market where the shares of public companies are traded is called the equity
market.