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Ch3 - Geograpic Data Modelling - L2
Ch3 - Geograpic Data Modelling - L2
COSC 624 1
Representation:
• Point : (x, y) or: (x, y, z), sometimes: (x, y, z, t)
x = xa +t (xb-xa)
with o t 1
y = ya +t (yb-ya)
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Representation of segments:
y y
B(xb,yb) B t>1
t=1
0<t<1
A
t=0
A(xa,ya) t<0
Origin Origin x
x
Representation Parametric
by extremities Representation
x = xa + t (xb-xa)
y = ya + t (yb-ya) with o t 1
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Generalization and Detailization
Generalization
Detailization
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• Generalization of a Polyline:
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• Intersection of two segments:
intersection
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Intersections of a segment with a polygon
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Point-in-polygon algorithm:
half-line Jordan theorem
1 2
1
Candidat point
22 3 4 5 Half-line
1
1
3 4
1 2
3 number of intersections
1 with the edges
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• Minimum Bounding Rectangle (MBR)
Polygon
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• Operations on polygons
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• Union and intersection of two polygons:
Polygon A
Polygon B
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• Splitting two polygons into parallel slabs:
Polygone A
Polygone B
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• Comparing trapezoidal slabs
POLYGONES DECOUPES INTERSECTION UNION
Slabs
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For any polygon possibly non concave:
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• Different centroids:
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• Clipping of an object with
a rectangular window:
Window Window
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• Rubber-sheeting
Control
Initial points
map to move
New Fixed
map control
points
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3.3 Modeling Geographic data
3.3.1 Overview
3.3.2 Vector modeling
3.3.3 Raster modeling
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3.3.1 Overview: Modeling
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Data A subset of a
Modeling reality of
Real World particular interest
Abstraction
Levels
Schematic
representation of
Users define their Conceptual Model
phenomena and how
own subset of the
they are related.
real world
A computing
Logical Model oriented
representation of
the conceptual
model.
Physical Model
Deals with storage
devices, file
structure, access
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Conceptual Modeling: The ER Approach
Entity or Entity
Association
Class
(Relationship
)
Entity_Name Entity_Name
Association
-Attribute 1 - Attributes
- Attribute 1
0-N 0-1
-Attribute 2 - Attribute 2
… …
Minimum
Cardinality
Attributes Maximum Attributes
or Cardinality or
Properties Properties
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3.3.2 Vector modeling
There are two significant model categories:
Graphic Models: Vector and Raster
• Deals with the models used in representing GIS data graphically
(Vector vs. Raster)
Database Models/Structures:
• deals with real-world entities translated into database objects,
- simple lists, sequential files, indexed files, hierarchal
files, network files, relational database, etc.
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Real World Data Needed
The real world model determines which data need to be acquired
• An entity is the basic carrier of information
– Real-world phenomenon not divisible into
phenomena of the same kind
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Entity: Type Classification
• Assumes identical occurrences can be classified
• Each entity type must be unique (no ambiguity)
– e.g., house classified under house; not industrial building
• Some entities may need to be categorized
– e.g., roadways as a class: with categories for national
highways, urban roads, private roads
• Entity type also known as qualitative data
– or in statistics the ‘nominal scale’
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Entity: Attributes
• Each entity type may have one or more attributes
– e.g., buildings may have attributes characterizing material
(frame or masonry), as well number of stories
• Attributes may describe quantitative data ranked in
three levels of accuracy
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Real World Data Modeling
Source: Bernhardsen, Tor. (1999). 2 nd Ed. Geographic Information Systems: An Introduction. p 38.
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Real World
Modeling
Process
• A process of interpreting
reality by using a real world
and a data model.
Source: Bernhardsen, Tor. (1999). 2 nd Ed. Geographic Information Systems: An Introduction. p. 40.
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Modeling: Attribute Data
Image: Bernhardsen, Tor. (1999). 2 nd Ed. Geographic Information Systems: An Introduction. p 42.
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Objects are characterized by:
• Type (unique ID, type code/object class)
• Attributes (qualitative/quantitative data)
• Relations (calculable vs. attributable)
• Geometry (point, line, area/polygon)
• Quality (accuracy, resolution, coverage extent, representation, etc.)
Source: Bernhardsen, Tor. (1999). 2 nd Ed. Geographic Information Systems: An Introduction. p 43.
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Graphical Representation of Objects
• Spatial Component:
– Points (no dimensions): simplest graphical representation.
• Eg. corner or property boundary, coordinate of a building location.
• Scale determines whether object is defined as point or an area.
• Large-scale representation of a building may be shown as an area,
whereas in small-scale it likely would be a point (symbol)
– Lines (one dimension): Connect at least two points & used to
represent objects that may be defined in one dimension.
• Eg. property boundaries, electric power lines, telecommunication
cables.
• Roads & rivers may be either lines or areas, depending on the scale.
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– Areas/polygons (two dimensions): Used to
represent objects defined in two dimensions.
• Eg. Lake, area of woodland, township.
• Again, scale determines whether object represented by
area or point.
• Areas are delineated by at least three connecting lines,
each of which comprise points.
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Attribute Representation of Objects:
• Attribute values: same as entity attributes of real-world model.
– Describe an objects features-- qualitative (type of object) or
quantitative data (ordinal, interval, ratio).
– In practice object attributes are stored in tables, with objects on lines
and attributes in columns.
• Relations:
1. May be calculated from
a) Coordinates of an object. Eg. line intersections or area overlaps
b) Object structure (relation). Eg. beginning & end points of a line,
lines that form a polygon, or locations of polygon on either side of a
line
2. Relations that must be entered as attributes. Eg. Levels of crossing
roads that don’t intersect, division of a county into townships
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• Quality:
– Graphical accuracy (such as +/- 1.0 m accuracy)
– Updating (when & how data should be updated)
– Resolution/detailing (whether roads should be
represented by lines or both edges)
– Extent of geographical coverage, attributes included, etc
– Logical consistency between geometry & attributes
– Representation: discrete vs. continuous
– Relevance: (where input may be a surrogate for original
data that are unobtainable)
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