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Orca Share Media1694004206117 7105168617734772989
Orca Share Media1694004206117 7105168617734772989
ANIMAL CIRCULATION
Internal Transport
• Diffusion
• Small, simple invertebrates
• Sponges, cnidarians, and
flatworms
• Interstitial fluid
• Tissue fluid between cells
• Brings oxygen and nutrients into
contact with cells
• All animals
• Plasma
• Water
• Salts
• Substances in transport
• Plasma proteins
–Albumins
–Globulins
–Fibrinogen
Blood components
• Platelets
• Patch damaged blood vessels
• Release substances essential for
blood clotting
• Blood clotting
• Damaged cells and platelets
release substances that activate
clotting factors
• Prothrombin is converted to
thrombin
• Arteries
• Carry blood away from the heart
• Veins
• Return blood to the heart
• Arterioles
• Constrict (vasoconstriction)
• Dilate (vasodilation)
• Regulate blood pressure and
distribution of blood to the tissues
• Capillaries
• Thin-walled exchange vessels
through which blood and tissues
exchange materials
• Vertebrate heart
• One or two atria
–Receive blood
• One or two ventricles
–Pump blood into the arteries
• Fish heart
• Single atrium and ventricle
• Part of a single circuit of blood
flow
• Terrestrial vertebrates
• Complex circulatory systems
separate oxygen-rich from
oxygen-poor blood
• Allows the higher metabolic rate
needed to support an active
terrestrial lifestyle
• Amphibians
• Two atria and a ventricle
• Blood flows through a double
circuit
• Oxygen-rich blood is partly
separated from oxygen-poor
blood
• Most reptiles
• Wall that partly divides the
ventricles, minimizing the mixing
of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor
blood
• Human heart
• Enclosed by a pericardium
• Valves that prevent backflow of
blood
Human heart
• Cardiac cycle
• One complete heartbeat
• Contraction occurs during systole
• Period of relaxation is diastole
• Heart rate
• Regulated mainly by the nervous
system
• Influenced by hormones and
body temperature
• Blood pressure
• Force blood exerts against the
inner walls of the blood vessel
• Greatest in the arteries
• Decreases as blood flows
through the capillaries
• Peripheral resistance
• Resistance to blood flow
–Blood viscosity
–Friction between blood and blood
vessel wall
Blood
pressure
• Baroreceptors
• Sensitive to blood pressure
changes
• Send messages to the cardiac
and vasomotor centers in the
medulla of the brain
• Angiotensin
• Hormone that raises blood
pressure
• Aldosterone
• Helps regulate salt excretion
• Affects blood volume and blood
pressure
• Pulmonary circulation
• Connects heart and lungs
• Systemic circulation
• Connects heart and tissues
• Pulmonary circulation
• Right ventricle pumps blood into
the pulmonary arteries, one going
to each lung
• Blood circulates through
pulmonary capillaries in the lung
• Blood is conducted to the left
atrium by a pulmonary vein
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 42 Internal Transport
• Systemic circulation
• Left ventricle pumps blood into
the aorta
• Aorta branches into arteries
leading to the body organs
• Blood flows through capillary
networks within various organs
Systemic and
pulmonary
circulation
• Coronary arteries
• Supply the heart muscle with
blood
• Hepatic portal system
• Circulates nutrient-rich blood
through the liver
• Lymphatic system
• Collects interstitial fluid
• Returns it to the blood
• Plays an important role in
homeostasis of fluids
• Defends body against disease
• Absorbs lipids from the digestive
tract
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 42 Internal Transport
• Lymph
• Formed from interstitial fluid
• Lymphatic vessels
• Conduct lymph to the thoracic
duct and right lymphatic duct in
the shoulder region
• Ducts return lymph to the blood
circulatory system
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 42 Internal Transport
Lymphatic capillaries