Periodic Table of the Elements

A tabular arrangement of elements in rows and

columns, highlighting the regular repetition of
properties of the elements.
A period consists of the elements in one horizontal
row.

A group consists of the elements in one vertical

column.

Groups are numbered using two systems:

IUPAC Numbers 1 through 18
Older system Roman numerals I–VIII and
the letters A and B
Metal
A substance or mixture that has a characteristic
luster or shine and is generally a good conductor
of heat and electricity

Nonmetal
An element that does not exhibit the
characteristics of a metal

Metalloid
An element having characteristics of both metals
and nonmetals
Molecule-a definite group of atoms that are
chemically bonded together (tightly connected by
attractive forces).

Molecular/Covalent compounds form when

elements share electrons in a covalent bond to
form molecules.
Chemical Formula

A notation that uses atomic symbols with numerical

subscripts to convey the relative proportions of atoms of
the different elements in the substance.

Molecular formula- that indicate the actual numbers of

atoms in a molecule.
Empirical formula-gives only the relative number of atoms
of each type in a molecule.
Polymer
A very large molecule that is made up of a number
of smaller molecules repeatedly linked together.

Monomers
The small molecules that are linked together to
form a polymer.

H H H H H H H H H H

C C C C C C C C C C

H H H H H H H H H H
 F2C=CF2
monomer and Teflon®
 Ionic Substances
An ion is an electrically charged particle obtained
from an atom or chemically bonded group of atoms
by adding or removing one or more electrons.

A cation is a positively charged ion formed by

losing one or more electrons.

An anion is a negatively charged ion formed by

gaining one or more electrons.
An ionic compound is composed of cations and
anions.

Ions are arranged in a repeating three-dimensional

pattern, forming a crystal.

The formula of an ionic compound gives the

smallest possible integer number of ions in the
substance (without writing charges) so that the
combination is electrically neutral.

The formula gives the formula unit of the

compounds. A formula unit is not a molecule!
Sodium chloride model
 Ionic Bonds

Ionic compounds (such as NaCl) are generally

formed between metals and nonmetals.
 Writing Formulas

Because compounds are electrically neutral, one

can determine the formula of a compound this
way:
– The charge on the cation becomes the
subscript on the anion.
– The charge on the anion becomes the
subscript on the cation.
– If these subscripts are not in the lowest
whole-number ratio, divide them by the
greatest common factor.
?
1.What is formula of the ionic
compound of Fe3+ and O2-?

2.What is the formula of the ionic

compound of Ca2+ and PO43-?
1.The common multiple of the charges is 6,
so we need two Fe3+ and three O2-. The
resulting formula is
Fe2O3

2.The common multiple of the charges is 6,

so we need three Ca2+ and two PO43-. The
resulting formula is

Ca3(PO4)2
Organic Compounds

An important class of molecular substances; they

contain carbon combined with other elements –
notably hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen.

A functional group is a reactive portion of a
molecule that undergoes predictable reactions.

Functional Name of Examples

Group Group

OH Alcohol Methyl alcohol

O Ether Dimethyl ether

O Carboxylic Acetic acid

acid
C OH
 Naming Simple Compounds
Chemical nomenclature is the systematic naming
of chemical compounds.

Compounds that are not organic are called

inorganic compounds.

Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,

carbonates, and cyanides are also
classified as inorganic compounds.