Proposed Test Dates

TEST 01= 14 MARCH 2022

Classification of Matter
 Some definitions
• Substance-is matter which has a specific composition
and specific properties.
• Pure substance- is matter that has distinct properties
and a composition that does not vary from sample to
sample.
• Elements-are substances that cannot be decomposed
into simpler substances. On the molecular level, each
element is composed of only one kind of atom.
• Compound- are substances composed of two or more
elements; they contain two or more kinds of atoms.
• Mixture- are combinations of two or more substances
in which each substance retains its chemical identity.
 Example
• How is water formed?
• What makes water to be a molecule?
• What makes it to be a compound?

2H2 (g) + O2 (g)= 2H2O (l)

Water + salt?
Salt + pepper?
 Properties of matter
• The properties of matter can be categorized
as physical or chemical.
• Physical properties can be observed without
changing the identity and composition of the
substance. These properties include colour,
odour , density, melting point, boiling point, and
hardness.
• Chemical properties describe the way a
substance may change, or react, to form other
substances. A common chemical property is
flammability, the ability of a substance to burn
in the presence of oxygen.
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Physical Change

A change in the form of matter but not in its

chemical identity

For example:
Melting
Dissolving
Distillation

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Physical Property

A characteristic that can be observed for a material

without changing its chemical identity

For example:
Physical state
Boiling point
Color

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 Figure 1.14: Some elements - Center: Sulfur.
From upper right, clockwise: Arsenic, iodine,
magnesium, bismuth, mercury.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1|9

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Chemical Change = Chemical Reaction

A change in which one or more kinds of matter are

transformed into a new kind of matter or several
new kinds of matter

For example:
Rusting
Burning

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Chemical Property

A characteristic of a material involving its chemical

change

For example:
Ability to react with oxygen
Ability to react with fluorine

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 Potassium is a soft, silvery-colored

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metal that melts at 64°C. It reacts
vigorously with water, with oxygen, and
with chlorine. Identify all of the physical
properties and chemical properties
given in this description.

Physical Property Chemical Property

Soft Reacts with water
Silvery-colored Reacts with oxygen
Melting point (64°C) Reacts with chlorine

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 Types of Properties

Intensive Properties…
– Are independent of the amount of the
substance that is present.
• Density, boiling point, color, etc.
Extensive Properties…
– Depend upon the amount of the
substance present.
• Mass, volume, energy, etc.

2009, Prentice-Hall,
Mixture

A material that can be separated by physical

means into two or more substances.

For example:
Italian salad dressing
Saltwater

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Heterogeneous Mixture
A mixture that consists of physically distinct parts,
each with different properties

For example:
Salt and iron filings
Oil and vinegar

Phase
One of several different homogeneous materials
present in the portion of matter under study

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Homogenous Mixture

A mixture that is uniform in its properties; also

called a solution

For example:
Saltwater
Air

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 Matter can be represented as being

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composed of individual units. For
example, the smallest individual unit
of matter can be represented as a
single circle, and chemical
combinations of these units of matter
as connected circles, with each
element represented by a different
color. Using this model, label each
figure on the next slide as an
element, a compound, or a mixture.

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A. Element
B. Compound (made of two elements)
C. Mixture of two elements

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 Separation of Mixtures

Examples to separate heterogeneous

mixtures:
- Magnetic
- Filtration

Examples to separate homogeneous mixtures:

- Distillation
- Chromatography
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Filtration

In filtration solid
substances are
separated from liquids
and solutions.

2009, Prentice-Hall,
Basic Distillation Setup

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Separation of Mixtures by Paper
Chromatography

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Separation of Mixtures by Column
Chromatography

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Measurement

The comparison of a physical quantity with a fixed

standard of measurement—a unit

For example:
Centimeter
Kilogram

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Any measurement consists of three interlinked
concepts:
a measured number
a unit
a measure of the uncertainty

If you repeat a particular measurement,

you usually do not obtain precisely the
same result, because each measurement
is subject to experimental error.
 PRECISION AND ACCURACY

PRECISION – Reproducibility of the result

ACCURACY – Nearness to the “true” value

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The Length of a Steel Rod

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Precision
The closeness of the set of values obtained from
repeated measurement of the same quantity

Accuracy
The closeness of a single measurement to its true
value

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