CHEMICAL

BONDING
PREPARED BY
MR. DENNIS MENSAH

1
 CHEMICAL BONDING
• Atoms bond with each other in order to gain a stable arrangement
of outer-shell electrons, like the noble gas atoms.

2
BOND TYPES

•Covalent bond
•Ionic bond
•Metallic bond

3
COVALENT BOND
• A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together
chemically through a covalent bond.
• A covalent bond is formed when a pair of electrons is shared
between two atoms leading to noble gas electronic configurations.
• Example;

4
COVALENT BONDS IN SIMPLE
MOLECULES

5
6
PROPERTIES OF SIMPLE MOLECULAR
COMPOUNDS
• Low melting and boiling points

• Poor electrical conductivity

7
 GIANT COVALENT STRUCTURE -
DIAMOND

Diamond is made of carbon atoms, held in a strong lattice. A carbon

atom forms bonds with four other carbon atoms. Each outer atom
then bonds to three more. Eventually billions of carbon atoms are
bonded together, in a giant covalent structure. The result is a single
crystal of diamond. Diamond is hard and used in cutting tools. 8
GIANT COVALENT STRUCTURE -
GRAPHITE

In graphite, each carbon atom forms covalent bond with three

others. This gives rings of six carbon atoms. The rings form flat
sheets that lie on top of each other, held together by weak
forces. Graphite is used as lubricant and as electrodes.
9
 GIANT COVALENT STRUCTURE – SILICON (IV)
OXIDE, SiO2

Silica, SiO2, naturally occurs as quartz, the main mineral in sand.

Each silicon atom bonds covalently to four oxygen atoms. And each
oxygen atom bonds covalently to two silicon atoms. Billions of
them bond together to form a giant covalent structure. The result is
a very hard substance with a boiling point of 1710ᵒC 10
USES OF GIANT COVALENT
STRUCTURES

11
CLASS WORK
1. Why are the atoms of the group O elements
unreactive?
2. Explain why atoms form bonds.
3. Name the bond between atoms that share
electrons.
4. Draw a diagram to show the bonding in
chlorine, Cl2
12
IONIC BOND
HOW IONS ARE FORMED
• Ions are formed when atoms loose or gain electrons in their outer shells
to achieve a noble gas electron arrangement.

AN ION
• An ion is an atom that has a charge as the number of electrons is not
equal to the number of protons.
• An ion as an atom which has gained at least one electron to be
negatively charged or lost at least one electron to be positively charged.
• Negatively charged ions are anions e.g. O²¯, Cl¯, F¯
• Positively charged ions are cations e.g. Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Al³⁺ 13
HOW IONS ARE FORMED

14
CLASS WORK
1. Draw a diagram to show how these atoms gain a stable
outer shell of 8 electrons:
a) a sodium atom b) a chlorine atom
c) a oxygen atom

2. Explain what an ion is, in your own words.

3. How is a cation different from an anion?

15
IONIC BOND
An ionic bond is a strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely
charged ions.

sodium chloride (NaCl)

16
GIANT LATTICE STRUCTURE OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
(Sodium chloride)

When sodium reacts with chlorine, billions of sodium and chloride ions form. But
they do not stay in pairs. They form a regular pattern or lattice of alternating
positive and negative ions. The ions are held together by strong ionic bonds. The
lattice grows to form a giant 3-D structure. It is called ‘giant’ because it contains a
very large number of ions. This giant structure is the compound sodium chloride
(NaCl), or common salt. The compound has no overall charge.
17
OTHER IONIC COMPOUNDS

magnesium oxide (MgO)

18
OTHER IONIC COMPOUNDS

magnesium chloride (MgCl₂)

19
PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
(a) high melting points and boiling points.

(b) Good electrical conductivity when aqueous or molten and

poor when solid.

20
COMPOUND IONS

21
 CLASS WORK

1. Name the type of bonding in ice.

2. Explain why the charge on an aluminium ion is 3+.
3. All metals form cations. True or False?
4. Describe how sodium chloride is formed.
5. What is an ionic bond?

22
 METALLIC BOND
Metallic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between the positive ions in a
giant metallic lattice and a ‘sea’ of delocalized electrons.

In metals, the atoms are packed tightly together in a regular lattice. The tight
packing allows outer electrons to separate from their atoms. The result is a lattice
of positive ions in a ‘sea’ of electrons that are free to move. And because the ions
are in a regular pattern, metals are crystalline. 23
 PROPERTIES OF METALS
1. Metals usually have high melting points.
That is because it takes a lot of heat energy to break up the lattice, with its strong
metallic bonds. Copper melts at 1083ᵒC, and nickel at 1455ᵒC.(But there are
exceptions. Sodium melts at only 98ᵒC, for example. And mercury melts at -39ᵒC, so
it is a liquid at room temperature.)
2. Metals are malleable and ductile.
Malleable means they can be bent and pressed into shape. Ductile means they can
be drawn out into wires. This is because the layers can slide over each other. This
diagram represents any metal lattice:

24
 PROPERTIES OF METALS (cont’d)
3. Metals are good conductors of heat.
That is because the free electrons take in heat energy, which makes them
move faster. They quickly transfer the heat through the metal structure:

4. Metals are good conductors of electricity.

That is because the free electrons can move through the lattice carrying
charge, when a voltage is applied across the metal.
25