Research Questions

and
Hypothesis
 Learning objective

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

➢ distinguish a researchable from a non-researchable research problem,
➢ write research questions for the identified topic/ study following the
guidelines,
➢ present learning on the formulation of research questions and hypothesis,
➢ recognize different form of hypotheses, and
➢ formulate appropriate hypothesis based on the research questions.
PICTURE ANALYSIS
 Research questions

 Research questions or sometimes called as the statement of

the problem, the focus of any research.
 According to Faltado, et al (2016), “it is the basic difficulty,
the issue, the area of concern, the circumstance which exist,
then, how they ought to be”
 Research questions

Why is it called the heart

of a research study?
 Qualitative and Quantitative Research Questions

Qualitative research would focus more on identifying

human experiences and understanding them while
quantitative research would look into statistical
interpretation of data.
In qualitative research questions, the participants and the
layers of experience must be present. In quantitative
research, we do not specify the layer of experience.
 Qualitative and Quantitative Research Questions

 How do the difficulties encountered by the Junior High School

students of Baguio City online learning affect their academic
performance?
 What is the academic achievement of the Junior High School
students of Baguio City National Science High School who opted
for modular learning?
 Qualitative and Quantitative Research Questions

 How do the Junior High School students of Baguio City

National Science High School cope with the difficulties they
encountered on the use of online learning?
 Is there significant difference on the academic achievement
of the Junior High School students of Baguio City National
Science High School when they are grouped according to
their mode of learning (online vs. modular)?
Criteria in formulating Quantitative research questions

1. What is Mobile Legend?

2. Are teenagers today addicted to TikTok?
 Guidelines and criteria in formulating research
questions
 1. Theresearch question should be researchable. Meaning, it should be open
to empirical investigation and one that can be answered by collecting and
analyzing data.
 2. The problem in the research must be of importance for finding answers
and solutions to a problem. (answer the “so what” question, so what if that is
the question? How is this relevant to the society? Why is there a need to
answer this?)
 3. The variables of the study and their relationships with one another must be
presented.
 Guidelines and criteria in formulating research
questions
 4.Specify the samples or respondents of the study. These are the people whom
the researcher intends to investigate.
 5. The researcher should point toward the data gathering procedure to be
employed in the study. This would help in the formulation of the methodology
portion.
 6.The problem indicated must be clear. Not too broad nor too narrow. It
must be S.M.A.R.T. (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time
bound)
 Parts of the Statement of the Problem

 Main Problem/Central Question

 This is related directly to the research problem and states clearly what
the researcher intends to do and find out or the general objective of the
research study. It is presented first in one paragraph using declarative
sentence. Usually, the contents stem out from the research title.
 Example: This study intends to investigate the level of academic
performance of Grade 12 students of Baguio City National Science High
School in Practical Research 2. Specifically, it aims to answer the
following questions:
 Parts of the Statement of the Problem

 Specific Questions/Sub-Questions
 These are specific questions that spring out from the main problem.
These are in interrogative sentences. It also specifies the activity
that will take place and the variables to be examined.
 Specific Questions/Sub-Questions

a. Descriptive Question – this type of research question asks the

kinds, categories and qualifications of the subjects or
participants (Baraceros, 2017).
- It is the easiest way to quantify a particular variable you are
interested in. It is being used to quantify a single variable but can also
be used to cover multiple variables within a single question.
 Specific Questions/Sub-Questions

Examples:
1. What is the level of academic performance of Grade 12 students of
Baguio City National Science High School in Practical Research
2?
2. What percentage of Grade 12 students of Baguio City National
Science High School attained Very Satisfactory?
3. How often do the Grade 12 students accomplish their given
homework?
 Specific Questions/Sub-Questions

b. Inferential Question
- this type of research question is usually crafted after a descriptive
question to further analyze the problem at hand. Therefore, this
research question may be formulated to compare variables or to
investigate its relationship with other variable/s.
There are two common kinds of inferential question: comparative and
relationship-based
 Kinds of Inferential question

Comparative question – is a research question to help you determine

clear differences between two or more variables.
1. Is there a significant difference between the level of performance
of Grade 12 students of Baguio City National Science High School
when they are grouped according to sex (male and female)?
2. Is there a significant difference between the attitudes of Grade 12
students of Baguio City National Science High School when they
are grouped according to track (academic and TVL)?
 Kinds of Inferential question

Relationship-based – is a research question which describes the

association between two or more variables. Examples:
1. Is there a significant relationship between the level of academic
performance of Grade 10 students and the time they spent in
studying?
2. What is the relationship between the level of job satisfaction of
supermarket vendors and their salary?
Example of the whole statement of the problem:
This study intends to investigate the level of academic performance of Grade 12
students of Baguio City National Science High School in Practical Research 2.
Specifically, it aims answer the following questions:
a. What is the level of academic performance of Grade 12 students of Baguio City
National High School in Practical Research 2?
b. How much time is spent by the Grade 12 students of Baguio City National Science High
School in studying?
c. Is there a significant difference between the level of performance of Grade 12 students
of Baguio City National Science High School when they are grouped according to
c.1. sex (male and female)?
c.2. Track (Academic and TVL)
c.3. Strand (STEM, ABM, GAS, HE, ICT, AUTOMOTIVE)
d. Is there a significant relationship between the level of academic performance of Grade 12
students of Baguio City National Science High School and the time they spent in studying?