“Sustainable Power Development

through Green Power

Technologies”
Presented By:
 The Major Contradictory Challenges
Faced by Developing world

 Quest for increased Generation

capacity - Terawatt Challenge

 Climate Change
- rising GHG level
 Continued focus on coal based
generation
Government of India’s National Missions

 National Solar Mission 2009

 National Renewable Energy Mission
“A target of 10% of Renewable Energy by 2012”
 National Mission on Combating Climate Change
through Green & Clean Power
 National Bio-diesel Mission
 National Mission of Hydro Potential Exploitation
 National Mission on ‘Clean Coal Technologies’ for
Mega Power Generation
 CLIMATE CHANGE CAUSED BY INCREASED GHG EMISSION

• Green House Gas level rise to a current level of 390

ppm and consequent climate change, floods and
draughts has affected 260 million people between
2000 and 2004 through natural calamities, of these,
98% were in developing nations.
• Developed countries with population of 15% of
world population have the share of CO2 emissions at
50%.
• CO2 level has risen to 390 ppm from 1975 level of
330 ppm.
• There is so much momentum in the system that we
will certainly double CO2 level by end of the century.
• Global temperature rise by 3 to 4 0C will cause
displacement of over 330 million people in
developing world.
• China and India are projected to account
for 30% of the world’s increase in
energy consumption between 2000-2020
and 92% of increase in coal use.
• World Green House inventory is over
29,000 Million tones per annum (MTPA)
with US over 20% (India with total emission
of about 1400 MTPA is only at 4.8 %.)
• Coal is going to remain main stay for
power generation in at least next Three
decades for India (87,093 MW Coal based
generation out of 1,63,669 MW total
power installed capacity)
 Green House inventory for India for
Energy Sector (Million Tonnes of CO2)

Energy Sector CO2 CO2 equivalent

(CO2+CH4+NOX)

Total Emission 834 928

(58% of total) (64% of total)

Source: IAE: 1999

Tera-watt Challenge for synergy in Energy
& Environment
 A terawatt Challenge of 2012 for India
To give over one billion people in India the minimum Electrical Energy
they need by 2012, we need to generate over 0.2 terra watt (oil
equivalent to over 3 million barrels of oil per day) and 1 TW by
2050,primarily through Advanced fossil fuel technologies like CCTs for
limiting GHG emission levels
 By 2020 our mix of generation would have the Peak in
Thermal, certainly it would be the Green Thermal
Power:
 Thermal 326,000MW
 Renewable & Hydro 104,000 MW
 Nuclear 20,000 MW
 Total 450,000 MW
Energy for the Earth Planet- Non-CO2 Options

 World Generates 15 Terawatt of Energy (the US -

about 3TW, India - 0.16 TW) today to support 10
billion world population. This is Equivalent to230
million barrels of oil /day.
 By 2050 it is projected to need about 35 TW. The
world would need about 20 TW of non-CO2
energy to stabilize CO2 in the atmosphere by mid
century.
 Among the non-CO2 options , it is possible that
solar is the only one that can meet this Terawatt
challenge and at the same time contribute to the
reduction of climate change, with about 125,000
TW of global incident sunlight.
 The National Solar Mission
The National Solar Mission is a major
initiative of the Government of India
and State Government to promote
ecologically sustainable growth while
addressing India’s energy security
challenge.

It will also constitute a major

contribution by India to the Global
efforts to meet the challenges of
Climate Change
 INDIAN POWER SECTOR - TOWARDS
SUSTAINABLE POWER DEVELOPMENT
 Total Installed Capacity … 1,63,669 MW
 Thermal Generation … over 64 %
 Although no GHG reduction targets for India
but taken steps through adoption of
Renewable Energy Technologies,Combined
cycles, Co-generation, Coal beneficiation,Plant
Performance optimization
 Under Kyoto Protocol; Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) conceived to reduce cost of
GHG mitigation, while promoting sustainable
development as per Framework Convention on
Climate change (FCCC)
 FRONTALS IN ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT

 GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES – PRIMARILY THE

CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES

 ZERO EMISSION TECHNOLOGIES FOR TRANSPORT,

POWER PLANTS & INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

 AFFORDABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

 CDM OPPORTUNITIES IN ENERGY SECTOR

Mission Energy Security and Energy independence

 Climate Change – Nature’s Fury

 Solar for irrigation
 High Efficiency CNT Based PV Cells
 Hydrogen as Fuel for future
 Accelerated Program on Thorium based Nuclear
Reactor
 Clean coal Technologies like SCR, IGCC
 Bio-fuels for Railways and Mass Transport
 Energy Security by 2020, Energy Independence
by2030
….Reference: Address by President of India 14th Aug 2005
“We conclude that CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) is the critical enabling technology that would reduce CO 2
emissions significantly while also allowing coal to meet the world’s pressing energy needs.” – MIT 2007
“Citizens of poor countries have the right to aspire to better standards of living… clean coal is key.” – Arun
Ghosh, Global Economic Fellow, Oxford University
“For decades, the coal industry has supported quality high-paying jobs for American workers, and coal has provided an
important domestic source of reliable, affordable energy…. Charting a path toward clean coal is essential to achieving my
Administration’s goals of providing clean energy…” – President Barack Obama, 2010
Prime Clean Coal Technology Options for
India for 11th & 12th Plans
 Supercritical Power Plants
 Integrated Gasification
Combined
Cycle (IGCC) Power Plants
 Circulating Fluidized Bed
Combustion (CFBC) Power Plants
 SUPER CRITICAL UNITS
 Standardized Unit Size 660 MW, 246 ata, 537
o
C
 Station Size 2x660 MW (Minimum)
 Common Off site facility
 FW Temperature 270 oC – 275 oC with 6
Heaters.

Total Capacity Planned 14,560 MW *

Number of Units 22 Units

* Includes 6x720 MW and 2x500 MW Imported sets.

 Main advantages of
Super-Critical Steam Cycle
 Reduced fuel cost due to improved thermal efficiency
 Reduction of CO2 emissions by 15% per unit of Power
generated compared to sub-critical
 Very good part load efficiencies
 Plant costs are comparable with sub-critical units
 Current State-of-Art
Super-critical Steam Power Generation Plants
Pressure - 300 bar
Temperature - 600oC
Efficiency - 45% (LHV Basis)

Nickel based alloys allows up 650oC

By the year 2011 - 620 oC
By the year 2020 - 650-700 oC
Cycle Efficiency - 50-55%
 IGCC TECHNOLOGY ...
 Gasification of coal is the cleanest way of utilization of coal, while
combined cycle power generation gives the highest efficiency.

 Integration of these two technologies in IGCC power generation

offers the benefits of very low emissions and efficiencies of the
order of 44-48%.

 The comparative indices show that in case of IGCC, emission of

particulate, NOx and SOx are:
7.1%, 20% and 16%, respectively, of the
corresponding emissions from PC plant.

- Three major areas of technology that will contribute to

improvements in IGCC are :
 hot gas de-sulfurisation
 hot gas particulate removal
 advanced turbine systems
IGCC
 Circulating fluidized Bed Combustion

 Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC)

technology has selectively been applied in India
for firing high sulphur refinery residues, lignite,
etc.

CFBC Technology is superior to PC Power Plant

Technology:

 Lower NOx formation and the ability to capture SO2

with limestone injection the furnace.
 Circulating Fluidised Bed Boiler
Steam to Super Heater

Cyclone

Back-Pass
Coal Feed
Furnace
Hopper
ESP

External
Heat-Exchanger
Ash Cooler
HP Air
 CFBC Vs Other Clean Coal Technologies

PF+FGD/
ITEM CFBC IGCC
SCR

Cycle Efficiency % 34.8 36.7 41-42

Relative Capital 1.15-

1.0 1.03-1.19
Cost/kW 1.42

Relative O&M
1.0 1.49 0.8-0.98
Cost/kW

At present pulverized fuel firing with FGD are less

costly than prevailing IGCC technology. However,
firing in CFB Boiler is still more economical when
using high sulfur lignite and low-grade coals and
rejects.
 Green Energy solutions
 Promote CCT in countries like India & China
where coal is main stay fuel for Power
Generation.
 Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel
Technology
 Energy Farming
 Energy Efficiency
 Major shift towards Green Technologies
 Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in
Rural Sector
 Table: 05
Cost of various CO2 (carbon dioxide) mitigation options in India
Technology Greenhouse gas Investment cost Cost-effectiveness
emission reduction (dollars/tonne CO2)
Green Power generation
Cogeneration 1.50 kg/kWh 900 dollars/kW 10 (most cost effective)
Combined cycle 0.96 kg/kWh 818 dollars/kW 54 (cost effective)
Inter-cooled steam-injected 0.76 kg/kWh 947 dollars/kW 77
gas turbine
Pressurized fluidized bed 0.18 kg/kWh 1894 dollars/kW 503
combustion
Integrated gasification 0.23 kg/kWh 1578 dollars/kW 340 (at par)
combined cycle
Pulverized coal super-critical 0.18 kg/kWh 1202 dollars/kW 342 (at par)
boilers
Coal washing 0.125 kg/kWh 11 dollars/kW 179
CFBC 0.20 kg/kWh 1000 dollars/kW 250
Renewable energy for power
small hydro 1.3 kg/kWh 1950 dollars/kW 88 (cost effective)
wind farms 1.3 kg/kWh 1405 dollars/kW 257
Biomass 1.6 kg/kWh 710 dollars/kW 102 (cost effective)
Solar thermal 1.3 kg/kWh 3730 dollars/kW 592
Solar PV (photovoltaic) 1.6 kg/kWh 5952 dollars/kW 541
 Impact Green Projects at RGTU
 CO2 Capture, Sequestration and Production of
Multi-purpose fuels – Hydrogen, Methane and
Biodiesel through Algae route
 Production of CNG from Coal–gasification route
 Solar, Wind & Biomass Hybrid System
 60 kW Solar-Wind Hybrid system at Hill top of
RGTU
 High yield Jatropha plantation and Bio-diesel
production using indigenously designed Bio-diesel
reactors
CO2 Capture & Sequestration
Project
An Impact Project of DST at RGPV Bhopal

MODELING & SIMULATION OF

CARBON RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY
THROUGH CONVERSION OF CO2
INTO USEFUL MULTIPURPOSE FUEL
Broad area of Research:
CO2 SEQUESTRATION (Under the National Program on
Carbon Sequestration – NPCS of DST)
Sub Area – Project Title: Modeling & Simulation of
Carbon Recycling Technology Through Conversion of
CO2 Into Multipurpose Fuels.
Objectives of the Proposal:
1. To establish a pilot plant for CO2 sequestration and
conversion in to multipurpose fuel.
2. To develop Zero Emission Technology Projects and
recycle Carbon-di-oxide to add value to clean energy
projects by adopting two pathways:
 Sequester CO2 and convert the same into fuel molecules.
 Use CO2 to grow micro algae to produce Bio-diesel and
Methane Gas.
3. To develop mathematical & chemical models for CO2
sequestration, Hydro Gasifier, Catalytic conversion
& Algae pond systems.
The following four systems have been
incorporated:

1. CO2 Capture & sequestration system –

Indigenous Development

2. Catalytic Flash Reduction of CO2 using charcoal

from gasifier /lignite. Production of Hydrogen
from CO

3.Production of Methane using Catalytic Conversion

process

4. Production of Algae from CO2 Sequestration with

Solar flux.
CO2 Sequestration Pilot Plant installed under the DST Project
 Methodology
Description of the Pilot Plant:-
Rated Capacity of the Capture of CO2 : 500 kg/ day

Source of CO2: Boiler of capacity 100kg/hr. steam & Biomass

Gasifier of 10kWe

Solvent used for capture of CO2 : Mono Ethanol Amine (MEA)

SOx & NOx Removal: Na H CO3, NaOH & Lime.

Catalytic Converters / Reduction Unit

- For Methane.... Input CO and H2, Catalyst “R - 01 *

- For Hydrogen.... Input CO and Steam, Catalyst “R - 02 *

- For CO ... Input CO2 and Lignite /charcoals

 FLUE GAS LEGEND
FROM GASIFIER
STEAM
H2 N2 N2 F.G.
CO2
MEA
CH4 CATALYTIC MEA-01 MEA-02 MEA-03 CO
CONVERTER
METHANE
LIGNITE H2
HYDROGEN CH4
PRODUCER
CO ASH
CONVERTOR

GAS SCRUBBER
04
ST ST
NaHCO3 CO2 STRIPPER
05

PURE MEA PURE H2 FOR SATURATED CO2 S

06 FULE CELL MEA -07 T
E
A
FLUE M
GAS
P2

P1
BOILER
CO2 CAPTURE PILOT PLANT

Scheme Diagram of CO2 Capture Pilot Plant

 Innovations:
• Capture of CO2 from Biomass and a Boiler on
Pilot Scale and achieving capture efficiency of
the order of 78%
• Production of CO in stable form and Water Gas
shift reaction to produce fuel molecules like H 2
• Catalyst development to produce Methane from
the captured CO2
• Enhancing productivity of selected Micro-Algae
for production of Bio- diesel
• Plant Cost optimization through in-house
designing and erection work
 THE ROAD MAP
 Government of India has declared its policy on
CO2 abatement by the announcement and
adoption of the ‘National Action Plan on
Climate Change’.
 It has also made voluntary commitment at the
Copenhagen Summit that the Country shall
decrease its Carbon Intensity by 20% by 2020
and 50% by 2050.
 The bulk of CO2 is emitted by the Thermal
Plants in the Power Sector. For EPA regulations
to be implemented there have to be a road
map as to how this can be done without major
impact on the cost or efficiency of the Thermal
Plants
 Solution lies in…
 The thermal plants in India have a thermal
efficiency of 35% and an emission ratio of
0.90Kg/kWh of CO2 emissions as published
by CEA. The reduction of 20% intensity
would translate to a decrease of
0.20Kg/kWh of CO2 emissions i.e. below
0.70Kg/kWh CO2 emissions by 2020.
 This decrease is possible by a combination of
abatement and recycling measures. The CO2
reduction by an Amine system of 30% CO2
capture would mean a decrease of Thermal
Efficiency by 2%
 Recycling of CO2
 The CO2 so captured needs to be either
compressed to be used in Enhanced Oil Recovery
or recycled. The better option would be that the
same be recycled.
 The system additions to the existing thermal
plants would be a two stage gasifier to use up
this CO2. This would help recycle the Carbon of
the CO2 and the treated/ converted CO would be
re-fed into the Boiler by means of a Gas Burner.
 This two stage gasifier would be made of a
Gasifier Chamber where the Coal is gasified by an
Oxy Fuel Process and this heated Gas fed into the
second Reactor where treated Carbon is fed to
react with the CO2 being fed from the Amine
stripper. The CO2 so fed would be converted into
CO having a LHV of 2414 kcal/Kg or 64.37% coal
equivalent in terms of the Indian Coal having an
average heat value of 3750 kcal/Kg
Application Potential:

Long Term
• Deployment of the Technology to Actual Power Plants of NTPC
through BHEL / TOSHIBA or any other major player

Immediate
• Green Energy Technology Centre (GETC) being set-up for Teaching
& Research (M. Tech & PhD)

Future action plan:

Efforts are underway to extend the scope of the process by
incorporation a Coal gasifier and recycling of carbon through
collaborative research and Distributive Research Initiatives (DRI) with
Research Organizations and Power Industries.
 Carbon Capture & Sequestration
• India’s position with regard to Carbon
Capture & Storage (CCS) is very clear. We
don’t make any commitment at this stage
regarding deployment of CCS technologies.
India advocates very strongly the Carbon
Capture & Sequestration.
• Some of the demo pilot projects include.
-Pilot project on Geological CO2
sequestration in basalt rock formation. The
question of adoption of CCS will depend on this
technology being cost effective.
-Projects under DST sponsored National
Program on Carbon Sequestration
(NPCS)
CO2 mitigation Options: Case of Electricity Sector

 Coal: Dominates the electricity sector today

 Fuel switching (Coal NG)
 Conventional Plants + Carbon Capture &
Sequestration (CCS)
(Post –Combustion CO2 Capture)
 Gasification/ Reforming + CCS
(Pre-Combustion CO2 Capture)
 Oxyfuel Combustion + CCS
Demo Project –Strategy Plan
 Retrofit of existing 500MW coal fired thermal power plant in India.
 Demo with Post Combustion Capture and CO2 Usage

Coal CO
First full by-pass CO2, CO
Converter
then to recycling
Scale of carbon capture 30% CO2 H2
H2
Converter

Turbine CO2 Capture Algae

Bio-Fuel
Generator Plant

Electricity Storage/EOR

Catalyst Dev.
Condensate

Steam

Modification to turbine cycle Storage or

N2 , CO2,
FGD
O2 , H2O, N2 , O2 , EOR
H2O
Coal Implementation strategy:
Boiler Algae plant from beginning
Air Flue Gas
Treatment
Recycled Fuel Flue Gas Stack

Addition of gas treatment facility required,

depending on present application
Work on burner
By OEM
Plant engineers construction or modification
RGTU specifies requirements – Industry partner
Engineers’ construction or modification
 200

150

$ per tonne CO2

CO2 Capture/Sequestration

avoided
100

50

00 500 1000 1500 2000

200
$ per tonne CO2

150
avoided

Nuclear
100

50

00 500 1000 1500 2000

200
Renewable
$ per tonne CO2

150
avoided

100

50

00 500 1000 1500 2000

Million tones CO2

Figure: Comparison of CO2 capture & Sequestration Technologies

with other leading mid-to long-term option
 Issues before the house
 Promotion of Clean Coal Technologies
 Technology break thoughts in the areas like CO 2
capture and Clean Coal Technologies
 Development of low cost solar photo voltaic cells
 Bringing Energy Efficiency & Energy Conservation
on the top of the National Agenda
 Promotion of Carbon Trading on the strength of
Energy Efficiency and Green Environment
initiatives.
 Base line methodologies for variety of Clean and
Green Technologies need to be redefined.