Squares and Square Roots

Importance of Squares and Square roots:

Squares Square roots
 Area Calculations  Inverse Operations
 Algebraic Expressions  Geometry and Trigonometry
 Pythagorean Theorem  Complex Numbers
 Statistical Variance  Probability and Statistics
 Physical Sciences  Financial Mathematics
 Engineering and Physics
 Data Compression
 Machine Learning and Data Science
Objectives of Squares and Square roots:
 Understanding Fundamentals
 Mastery of Basics
 Algebraic Proficiency
 Geometry and Trigonometry
 Problem-Solving Skills
 Statistical Analysis
 Complex Numbers
 Engineering and Physics
 Financial Literacy
 Data Science and Machine Learning
 Problem Decomposition
 Critical Thinking
 Real-World Applications
 Mathematical Fluency
 Preparation for Future Learning
 Cultural and Historical Significance
Shortcut for Squares:
Squaring Numbers Ending in 5:

 To square a two-digit number ending in 5, follow these steps:

 Take the first digit (the tens digit) and multiply it by the next higher number.
 Append "25" to the result.
 Example:
 To square 35, take the digit 3, multiply it by the next higher number (4), and append "25" to get
1225, which is 35^2.
Shortcut for Squares:
Squaring Numbers Near a Base:

 When squaring numbers near a base (e.g., squaring numbers near 10, 20, 50, etc.), you can
use the algebraic identity:
 (a + b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2
 Example:
 To square 26, which is close to 25 (a = 25, b = 1), you can use the identity:
 (25 + 1)^2 = 25^2 + 2 * 25 * 1 + 1^2 = 625 + 50 + 1 = 676, which is 26^2.
Shortcut for Squares:
Squaring Numbers Near 100:

 When squaring numbers near 100 (e.g., squaring numbers near 100, 200, 300, etc.), you can
use the algebraic identity:
 (a + b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2
 Example:
 To square 98, which is close to 100 (a = 100, b = -2), you can use the identity:
 (100 - 2)^2 = 100^2 + 2 * 100 * (-2) + (-2)^2 = 10000 - 400 + 4 = 9604, which is 98^2.
Shortcut for Squares:
Using the Difference of Squares:

 For squaring numbers with differences of squares, you can use the difference of squares
formula:
 (a - b)^2 = a^2 - 2ab + b^2
 Example:
 To square 47 (a = 50, b = 3), you can use the difference of squares formula:
 (50 - 3)^2 = 50^2 - 2 * 50 * 3 + 3^2 = 2500 - 300 + 9 = 2209, which is 47^2.
Shortcut for Square Roots:
Shortcut for Estimating Square Roots Using Averages:

 Select an Initial Estimate: Begin with an initial estimate that is close to the square root you
want to find. This can be based on your knowledge of perfect squares or your intuition.
 Divide the Number by the Estimate: Divide the number for which you want to find the square
root by your initial estimate. This gives you a quotient.
 Average the Estimate and Quotient: Take the average of your initial estimate and the
quotient you obtained in the previous step. This average becomes your new estimate, which is
closer to the actual square root.
 Repeat the Process: Continue this process, using your new estimate as the next initial
estimate, until you achieve the desired level of accuracy.
Shortcut for Square Roots:
Example 1: Estimating √17

 Let's estimate √17 using this method:

 Initial estimate: √16 = 4 (since 16 is a perfect square close to 17).
 Quotient: 17 / 4 = 4.25.
 Average: (4 + 4.25) / 2 = 4.125.
 New estimate: 4.125.
 You can continue this process to refine your estimate further if needed.
Shortcut for Square Roots:
Example 2: Estimating √30

 Now, let's estimate √30:

 Initial estimate: √25 = 5 (since 25 is the largest perfect square less than 30).
 Quotient: 30 / 5 = 6.
 Average: (5 + 6) / 2 = 5.5.
 New estimate: 5.5.

Again, you can continue the process for better approximations.

Shortcut for Square Roots:
Example 3: Estimating √7

 Estimating the square root of a non-perfect square:

 Initial estimate: √4 = 2 (a common starting point).
 Quotient: 7 / 2 = 3.5.
 Average: (2 + 3.5) / 2 = 2.75.
 New estimate: 2.75.

Again, you can continue the process for better approximations.

Place value in Square Roots:
 Here's an example to illustrate place value in the square root of a non-perfect square:
 √7 ≈ 2.64575...
 In this example:
 The digit 2 represents the whole number part.
 The decimal point separates the whole number part from the fractional part.
 The digit 6 is in the tenths place (0.6).
 The digit 4 is in the hundredths place (0.04).
 The digit 5 is in the thousandths place (0.005).
 The ellipsis (...) indicates that the decimal representation continues infinitely as a non-
repeating, non-terminating decimal, representing the irrational number √7.
Approximating Square Roots:
Perfect Squares: Perfect square numbers have integer square roots. For example, √4 = 2, √9 =
3, and √16 = 4. These are exact square roots.

Non-Perfect Squares: For numbers that are not perfect squares, square roots are typically
irrational numbers, meaning they cannot be expressed as simple fractions or decimals that
terminate or repeat. In such cases, we often use approximations to find practical values.

Estimation: To estimate the square root of a non-perfect square, you can use nearby perfect
squares as reference points. For example, to estimate √17, you can consider that √16 = 4 and
√25 = 5, so √17 is between 4 and 5, closer to 4.

Decimal Approximations: Using a calculator or computational software, you can find decimal
approximations for square roots with varying degrees of precision. For example, √17 is
approximately 4.1231 when rounded to four decimal places.
Decimal Notation:
Expressing Square Roots as Decimals: Square roots can be expressed as decimal numbers to
a specified number of decimal places or as recurring decimals for non-terminating, non-repeating
values.

Rounding: When expressing square roots as decimals, it's common to round to a certain number
of decimal places. For instance, √2 is approximately 1.41421 when rounded to five decimal
places.

Recurring Decimals: Some square roots result in recurring decimals, which are decimal
numbers with repeating patterns. For example, √3 is approximately 1.73205, where "3205"
repeats infinitely. Such decimals are represented using a bar over the repeating part, as √3 =
1.73205...

Exact Decimals: In some cases, square roots of integers may yield exact decimal values, which
Scientific Notation:
• In scientific notation, square roots can be expressed as a decimal number multiplied by a
power of 10. For example, √2500 can be written as 5 × 10^2 in scientific notation.

• Scientific notation is particularly useful when working with very large or very small square
roots, as it provides a compact representation of the value.
Practice Questions:
Calculate the squares of the following numbers:

• a) 7^2
• b) 12^2
• c) 15^2
• d) 9^2
Practice Questions:
Determine which of the following numbers are perfect squares:

a) 36
b) 49
c) 64
d) 82
Practice Questions:
Find the value of x:
x^2 = 144
Practice Questions:
Calculate the square of the difference between 17 and 9.
Practice Questions:
If the area of a square is 81 square centimeters, what is the length of each side?
Practice Questions:
Calculate the square root of the following numbers:

a) √25
b) √144
c) √49
d) √81
Practice Questions:
Determine whether the following square roots are rational or irrational:

a) √16
b) √50
c) √2
d) √100
Practice Questions:
Find the value of y:
√y = 5
Practice Questions:
Calculate the square root of the product of 25 and 9.
Practice Questions:
If the diagonal of a square is √32 centimeters, what is the length of each side?
Thank You