The Klystron computer

modeling tools developed at

CERN
Jinchi Cai, Igor Syratchev, Graeme Burt
24.6.2020

2020/6/24 CLIC Project Meeting 1

Outline
• Background
• KlyC: 1D/1.5D large signal beam-wave interaction simulation
• CGUN: 2D beam optics simulation tool
• Summary

2020/6/24 CLIC Project Meeting 2

 June. 2020

https://indico.cern.ch/event/924500/contributions/3884837/subcontri
butions/308163/attachments/2060582/3456333/CERN-ESU-013.pdf

The next generation of high-energy particle colliders foresees power consumptions in the hundreds of
megawatts of grid power, as compared to about 100 MW for the HL-LHC. The European accelerator
laboratories, in particular CERN, ESRF and ESS, are actively discussing strategies to design new
infrastructures that are more environmentally friendly. Such efforts need to be further supported, and the
results of the studies integrated in the design of upgrades of existing and new facilities… Investments in
dedicated R&D for energy efficiency techniques will pay off already in the medium term, with a significant
impact on the operating costs of accelerators. In the discussion of the optimal choice for a new facility, the
energy efficiency of the accelerator should be considered alongside factors such as cost, timescale and
physics reach.
2020/6/24 CLIC Project Meeting 3
High efficiency klystron activities at CERN
 The new klystron bunching technologies (COM, CSM, TS) have been established and evaluated.
 The computer code KlyC/1.5D and special scaling procedures have been developed.
 Several high efficiency klystrons has been designed and few completed designs have been communicated to industry.

Efficiency performance of the selected commercial klystrons and the new HE klystrons.

L-MBK/TS
CLIC, 24 MW
L-FCC, 1.5 MW L-MBK ILC, UHF-LHC
10 MW 0.35 MW
L-MBK CLIC, 20 MW
L-SNS, 0.55 MW X-CERN/CPI
50 MW
L-ESS,1.5 MW
X-CERN/Canon S-Canon
X-BVERI UHF-LHC UHF-B-factory 8 MW 7.5 MW
50 MW 0.3 MW 1.25 MW

X-Canon
X-Toshiba 6 MW S-SLAC
PPM, 50 MW 65 MW
X-CPI
S-band S-SLAC
Industry 150 MW ITT 2960
50 MW
Klystrons for science 33 MW
HE design, CERN (PIC simulations)
HE industrial prototype ; off shelf

(µA/V1.5)

2020/6/24 CLIC Project Meeting 4

klystron bunching mechanism and high efficiency Klystron.

Input cavity
Penultimate cavity Higher harmonic cavities Gain cavity
Output cavity
Density Single cylindrical beam
modulated

Velocity modulated
Bunch circuit with small input
power [Pin]
Output power ~ Pin x 103~6

coupler

CSM tube: η=78%

Glossary: Saturation, velocity congregation, Radial stratification

2020/6/24 CLIC Project Meeting 5
 KlyC and CGUN as a nutshell
Large signal 1/1.5D klystron simulator [6]. CGUN (electron beam tracking)
Klystron optimizer module [1]. Electrostatics module.
1/1.5D Wave-beam interaction module[1]. Allows versatile optimization of the klystrons Simulates DC E-field maps and potentials in the 2D
Beam dynamic simulation (single beam and MBK).
within specified condition. system with arbitrary shaped electrodes. Can be
Parameters scaling module [4]. used in KlyC (TS MBK for example).
Electro-Magnetic module [1]. Allows internal scaling with changing the
Magnetostatics module.
RF eigenmode and eigenfield solver in the frequency, beam power and perveance.
Simulates DC B-field maps in the 2D system with
arbitrary axisymmetric RF cavities. 2D field maps. Bunched beam generator module[5].
arbitrary shaped coils and iron shields (saturation
Enables E-field maps import from HFSS and CST. Simulation of IOT and output couplers with
etc.)
Coupled cavities module [2]. bunched beam
Special EM simulator of the coupled cavities Design report module. Electron beam tracking module.
with or without external loading. Coupled eigen Generates various tables, graphs and  Simulates the cathodes with space charge limit.
frequencies and 2D field maps. animations to analyze the device performance.  Electrons tracking (trajectories) in the
calculated B field (beam scalloping etc).
Monotron oscillations module [3]. Service functions. Automatic simulation of  Simulates collector in DC mode and RF mode
Simulates the threshold of monotron the power gain and bandwidth curves, arrival using the spent beam energy spectra simulated
oscillations in the RF cavities (klystron stability functions, reflected electrons absorber, batch in KlyC.
issueS) mode and more…  Ultimately, A-Z beam tracking in entire device.
[1] J. Cai, I. Syratchev, ‘KlyC: 1.5-D Large-Signal Simulation Code for Klystrons’, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science ( Volume: 47 , Issue: 4 , April 2019 )
[2] J. Cai, I. Syratchev ‘Modelling of Coupled Cell Output Structures for the Klystrons’, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices ( Volume: 66 , Issue: 11 , Nov. 2019 )
[3] J. Cai, I. Syratchev, G. Burt ‘Accurate Modeling of Monotron Oscillations in Small- and Large-Signal Regimes’, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices ( Volume: 67 , Issue: 4 , April 2020) )
[4] J. Cai, I. Syratchev, ‘Scaling Procedures and Post-Optimization for the Design of High-Efficiency Klystrons’, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices ( Volume: 66 , Issue: 2 , Feb. 2019 )
[5] Z. Liu, et al, ‘Study on the efficiency of Klystrons’, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science( Volume: 67 , Issue: 7 , April. 2020 )
[6] J. Cai, I Syratchev, ‘KlyC. The 1D/1.5D large signal computer code for the klystron simulations. User manual’, CERN-ACC-2018-0050 ; CLIC-Note-1137, Link:
http://cds.cern.ch/record/2649486?ln=en .
2020/6/24 CLIC Project Meeting 6
Outline
• Background
• KlyC: 1D/1.5D large signal beam-wave interaction simulation
• CGUN: 2D beam optics simulation tool
• Summary

2020/6/24 CLIC Project Meeting 7

Wave-beam interaction module (GUI and Design report module)
Last update May 2017
Example of the HE 50MW X-band Klystron
Bunched beam generator module.
Last update September 2017

The ultimate power extraction efficiency in the linear beam devices

Example of 0.8 GHz FCCee klystron. Voltage 133 kV, Current 12.6 A (µP=0.26 µA/V 3/2)
Fully saturated bunch with optimised congregation Optimised congregation for
Effect of the bunch length
the different bunch lengths.
90.1 % Optimum at L bunch  RF /3

High efficiency Klystrons design objectives

Ultimate •
limit E field expansion in the drift tubes
• Ohmic Losses
• Space charge depression
• Bunch saturation
Optimised RF
bunching • Bunch congregation
circuit • Bunch stratification
• Radial bunch expansion

2020/6/24 CLIC Project Meeting 9

Parameters scaling module @ Klystron optimizer module
Last update September 2018

1GHz, 180kV, 16A, rm=6mm, rc=10mm Parametric Scaling Procedures(PSP)

54kV, 9A, 0.4

GHz (LHC tube),
65.5% @1.5D

2020/6/24 CLIC Project Meeting 10

Coupled cavities module @ Electro-Magnetic module
Last update May 2019
Compact 8MW X-band layout (in collaboration with Canon).

#1 #2 Triplet_2 #5 #6 Coupler
#3 #4

FCI results from Canon TED

Coupled mode and space charge Benchmarked

field amplitudes animation.

 Eff.~57.4%; Emax~87kv/mm; -1dBbandwidth~[-20MHz,15MHz]; Pin=80W

2020/6/24 CLIC Project Meeting 11
Monotron oscillation module
Last update September 2019
Small signal Large signal

Ist is simulated by KlyC, I is calculated by voltage using fixed beam perveance (190A/400kV)

I=190A I=190A

Beam dynamics in CST PIC Pi/2 mode oscillated in CST PIC

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Wave-beam interaction module & Electrostatics module. Two Stages CLIC MBK
30 beams, 24 MW, 1GHz. CST/3D model. DC gap field
KlyC

0.6
82%
0.2

85%

2020/6/24 CLIC Project Meeting 13

Outline
• Background
• KlyC: 1D/1.5D large signal beam-wave interaction simulation
• CGUN: 2D beam optics simulation tool
• Summary

2020/6/24 CLIC Project Meeting 14

Introduction to CGUN
May 2020

• CGUN was thoroughly benchmarked against CST/3D TRK, DGUN and Michelle.
Electrostatic and Beam tracking modules Magnetostatics module
Example: PPM for 220GHz BWO
Example: GUN for SLACX

Michelle
400kV,190A

CGUN
400kV,186A

2020/6/24 CLIC Project Meeting 15

GUN, coils and collector design for 36GHz MBK (A-Z simulation)
Optimized and designed by CGUN

DC mode

RF mode

Artificial decelerating
gap

2020/6/24 CLIC Project Meeting 16

Outline
• Background
• KlyC: 1D/1.5D large signal beam-wave interaction simulation
• CGUN: 2D beam optics simulation tool
• Summary
• KlyC and CGUN codes for klystron simulations and beam tracking have been developed at
CERN during last 4 years.
• They have been thoroughly benchmarked against commercial PIC codes (MAGIC/2D and
CST/3D) provided good agreement (per cent level) and very fast simulation time (factor
100(+)).
• Several High efficiency Klystrons (single beam and MBK) in a frequency range from 0.4GHz
to 36GHz were designed using KlyC. Few designs were already communicated to the
industry (Thales, Canon, CPI) for prototyping.
• In a coming months KlyC and CGUN will be merged into the simulator SUITE, providing the
user unique opportunity to simulate complex linear beam devices using integrated
simulation tools environment.
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 Thanks for your attention!
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors would like to thank Z.L. Liu from
Tsinghua University for his help in
developing the KlyC GUI.
MAGIC PIC

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