Classification

Grouping & Identifying Living

Things
 Classifying Living Things
• We put livings things into three Domains
Eukarya Bacteria Archaea
• Which are divided into 6 Kingdoms
Plant Animal Fungi
Protist Eubacteria Archaebacteria

• We are in the Domain Eukarya and the

Kingdom Animalia
 Animal Kingdom
• So…what makes an animal an animal?
– Multicellular
– Eukaryotes
– Usually reproduce sexually
– Have many specialized parts
– Are able to move
– Heterotrophs
 Animal Kingdom
• All animals have specialized parts that do
specific jobs.
– Animals have different types of cells (ex.
Heart cell vs. brain cell)
– Animals have different kinds of tissues for
their various organs.
– The different organs in an animal perform
different jobs for the whole body.
 Symmetry
• Bilateral—Can be divided into two mirror-
images halves

• Radial—many lines of symmetry through a

central location
 Animals
• Animals are spilt into two major groups:

– Vertebrates
• Phylum Chordata

– Invertebrates
• Most animals are invertebrates
• 29 different Phyla
 Vertebrates
• These are animals with a backbone.
• There are five groups of vertebrates:

– Amphibians
– Birds
– Fish
– Mammals
– Reptiles
 Endo or Ecto?
• Endothermic means their body temperature
does not change much, even when the
temperature of the environment changes.
(Warm Blooded)
– Mammals and Birds
• Ectothermic means their body temperature
changes with the environment. (cold
blooded)
– Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles
 Mammals
• Have hair or fur and
produce milk
• Specialized teeth
• Give birth to live offspring
(no eggs)
• Have a four chambered
heart
• Endothermic
 Birds
• Have feathers, scales on
feet and legs and hollow
bones
• Have a gizzard that holds
small stones to help grind
food
• Have a four chambered
heart
• Lay hard shelled eggs
• Endothermic
•
Fish
Have wet scales
• Lays eggs in water
• Lives in water
• Uses gills for
breathing
• Ectothermic
 Amphibians
• Have moist skin
• Obtains oxygen through lungs
and skin
• Lay jelly coated eggs in water
• Lives on land and water
• Ectothermic
 Reptiles
• Have dry scales
• Lay waterproof eggs on
land
• Skin is adapted to keep
water in the body
• Breaths through lungs
• Ectothermic
Summary of Vertebrates
 Invertebrates
• These are animals without a backbone
• There are eight groups of invertebrates

– Mollusks
– Flatworms
– Segmented Worms
– Roundworms
– Sponges
– Echinoderms
– Cnidarians
– Arthropods
 Sponges (Porifera)

• Filter feed – force water through

pores and consume what cannot
leave with the water
• Simplest Animals – thin layers of
cells are protected by jelly-like
layer
• Asymmetrical
• Reproduce sexually and asexually
 Worms
• Bilateral symmetry
• Have head and tail ends
• Simplest organism with a brain
 Flatworms - Platyhelminthes

• Have flat worm

like bodies
• Tapeworms and
planarians
 Segmented Worms - Annelida
• Have bodies made
up of many linked
sections
• E.g.: earthworms and
leeches
 Roundworms - Nematoda
• Digestive system is like a tube
open at both ends
• Have bodies with no segments
• E.g. Ascaris, root knot
nematode, heartworm, pin worm
 Arthropods
• Have
– Segmented bodies
– Jointed appendages
– External skeleton
• There are four group of arthropods:
– Arachnida
– Crustacean
– Insecta
– Myriapoda (Centipedes & Millipedes)
 Arthropods - Arachnid
• Have four pairs of
legs.
• Have bodies divided
into two sections
 Arthropods – Centipedes
& Millipedes
• Have long thin bodies
and pairs of legs on
each of their many
body sections
 Arthropods - Crustacean
• Have five-seven
pairs of legs
• First pair often
used as pinchers
• Bodies covered in
shell
 Arthropods - Insects
• Have three pairs of
legs
• Bodies divided into
three sections
• Often have wings
 Mollusks
• Soft bodies, some have a hard outer shell,
foot for moving
• Bilateral symmetry
• Three Groups
– Gastropod-most diverse
(ex: Snails, slugs)
– Bivalve (Ex: Clams, Mussles)
– Cephalopod (Ex: Octopus, Squid)
 Cnidarians
• Have stinging tentacles
• Radial Symmetry
• Two body forms
– Medusa-the form during
the movement stage of life
– Polyp- sessile (doesn’t
move)
 Medusa Polyp
• Shaped like a bowl • Shaped like a vase

• E.g. Jellyfish • Eg Sea anemones

 Echinodermata
• Have radial symmetry
• Have spiny outer covering
• Have a water vascular
system
• E.g.: starfish and sea urchins
 Using a dichotomous key for
•
•
invertebrate phyla
1a Body shape is regular........................................................................................... Go to 2
1b Body shape is not regular (like a lumpy blob).....................................................Porifera

• 2a Has a head or eyes................................................................................................ Go to 3

• 2b Does not have a head or eyes............................................................................... Go to 4

• 3a Body is segmented (it has distinct body sections)............................................... Go to 5

• 3b Body is not segmented.......................................................................................Mollusca

• 4a Has tentacles ....................................................................................................... Cnidaria

• 4b Does not have tentacles........................................................................................ Go to 6

• 5a All body segments look the same......................................................................... Go to 7

• 5b Body segments do not all look the same (some are different)........................Arthropoda

• 6a Has spines.................................................................................................Echinodermata
• 6b Does not have spines ........................................................................................... Go to 8

• 7a Animal has legs (even tiny ones)........................................................................ Go to 10

• 7b Does not have legs..............................................................................................Mollusca

• 8a Animal attached to bottom...................................................................................Porifera

• 8b Not attached to bottom........................................................................................ Go to 9

• 9a Body very soft and jelly-like .............................................................................. Cnidaria

• 9b Body more firm.........................................................................................Echinodermata

• 10a Animal has hard covering all over body (including legs) ..............................Arthropoda
• 10b Does not have hard covering ............................................................................ Annelida
 • We can learn to recognise all of these different phyla by the similarities in their
body plans.
• Using the dichotomous key, identify the phyla of
these invertebrates.
1 3 5 8 1
0

6
2 4 9 Source: Yellow tube sponge

by Nick Hobgood,
https://commons.wikimedia.
org/wiki/File:Aplysina_fistul

7 aris_(Yellow_tube_sponge).
jpg
[CC BY-SA 3.0]
<https://creativecommons.o
rg/licenses/by-sa/3.0>,
via Wikimedia Commons
Source: images 1 to 9 Pixabay
 Each invertebrate picture has a number on the previous slide, after you determine the
phyla record the name.

1. ______________________________ 2. _____________________________

3. ______________________________ 4. ______________________________

5. ______________________________ 6. ______________________________

7. ______________________________ 8. ______________________________

9. ______________________________ 10. ______________________________

 Names of the phyla the invertebrates belong to:
1. arthropod 2. arthropod
Reveal answer 1 Reveal answer 2
3. echinoderm 4. mollusc
Reveal answer 3 Reveal answer 4
5. mollusc 6. mollusc
Reveal answer 5 Reveal answer 6
7. annelid 8. arthropod
Reveal answer 7 Reveal answer 8
9. cnidarian 10. porifera
Reveal answer 9 Reveal answer 10