Cellular Respiration

• Biochemical breakdown
• Substrate  Glucose
• Process  Glycolysis – “Sugar splitting”
6 Carbon

3 C pyruvate 3 C pyruvate
• Rx site: Cytoplasm of the cell
• No need for O2
• Process divided: 3 stages
• 1. Phosphorylation of glucose
• 2. Lysis
• 3. Oxidation by dehydrogenation

• Reaction details
• Phosphorylation: activates the sugar and
makes it more reactive

N.B. goal of respiration is to produce ATP

• Lysis 6 C sugar goes to > 2 3C phosphates

• Oxidan by dehydron: e/c 3C sugar phosphate

converted to pyruvate:
NADH & 2 ATP produced
 2 CYCLES
• Process occurs 2X once for e/c 3 C sugar
phosphate
• Results in: 2 NADH & 4 ATP
• Overall Rx: using 2 ATP mol. in stage 1
and obtain >>>> 4 ATP mol. in stage 3
• Therefore: Net gain of 2 ATP
• 4 H+ released to NAD
• EQ – Glucose + 2NAD
+
2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH + 2H +
 Fate of Pyruvate
• IF O2 available  enters Mitochondrion
• Complete oxidation  CO2 & H2O
AEROBIC RESPIRATION

• IF O2 unavailable  Ethanol/lactate
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
 Glycolysis: A closer look
Glucose
ATP
Phosphorylation (-1 ATP)

ADP + Pi
Glucose - 6 - phosphate

Isomerases Enzymes

Fructose - 6 - phosphate
ATP
Phosphorylation (-1 ATP)
ADP + Pi

Fructose -1- 6 - diphosphate

LYSIS
DIHYDROXYACETONE GLYCERALDEHYDE 3
PHOSPHATE PHOSPHATE
 GLYCERALDEHYDE - 3 - PHOSPHATE

2 x NAD (i) Oxidation

(ii) Phosphorylation

2 x NADH2

2 x 1,3 Diphosphoglycerate
2 ADP
( + 2 ATP)
2 ATP

2 x 1,3 glycerate - 3 - Phosphate

2 ADP
( + 2 ATP) Several steps omitted

2 ATP H2O

NET GAIN ATP = 2

2 X PYRUVATE
 Glycolysis: outline

• 6 carbon sugar
• Phosphorylated
• Lysis occurs
• (2) 3 carbon sugar phosphates produced
• 2 NADH & 2 ATP
• Main target PYRUVATE (3C)
 The mighty mitochondrion

 Mitochondria, structures found in the hyaloplasm (clear cytoplasm)

 responsible for energy production

 Mitochondria; enzymes converting food material into ATP (NRG source.

 Location; cellular struct. requiring large inputs of energy, (e.g. flagellum,

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION; MITOCHONDRIA

CRISTAE:
increase Surface area & provides space for
components of respiratory pathway
 Active transport (Q. Review)
 ATP synthesis
 At base are components of the Respiratory
pathway
MATRIX:
 contains most of the enzymes of KREB’s
Cycle
Fatty acid oxidation occurs
Pyruvate is broken down as well
 Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA : Oxidative decarbox n

• E/C Pyruvate enters miton

• Converted to Acetyl Grp (CH3COO-)
• Carried by Acetyl CoA
• Decarboxn pyruvate 3 C  acetyl 2 C &
CO2 given off
• Dehydron occurs: NAD  NADH
• Therefore O.decarboxn of pyruvate occurs
along w/ O. by dehydron
 Pyruvate enters Mitochondrion
Pyruvate (3C)
NAD+
O. decarboxylation
O. dehydrogenation
CO2
NADH + H +

Acetyl (2C)

( Carried by CoA)

KREB’S
 KREB’S CYCLE; CITRIC ACID

 Acids involved: suffix---ate

 Location: rxn occur in the mitochondrion
 Acetyl grps (2C)  combine w/ 4C compd
 Acetyl grps in cycle lose (2C) in CO2
 4 hydrogens added  3 reduced NAD
1 FAD molecules
 2 cycles for e/c Pyruvate  Oxaloacetate
regenerated
 Hydrogen carried Carbon lost as CO2
N.B. diagram important (refer to text)
 Oxidative Phosphorylation
 Hydrogens carried by hydrogen carriers
 H. carriers  inner membrane Mito n
(Cristae; increase S. area); for RXN
 Hydrogen oxidized  H20 & NRG released
 2H2 + O2  2H2O + NRG
 NRG for O.Phos n
 NRG released in a series of RXN
 The Respiratory chain
 The Respiratory Chain
 Series of rxn; hydrogen and e- carriers,
ends w/ O2
 H+ and e- move ; carrier 2 carrier downhill
 Oxygen becomes the final Hydrogen
acceptor as it becomes reduced
 RESULT H2O
 At e/c transfer NRG released; ATP Prod.
 Final stage involves Cytochrome c
 ATP Production
• For e/c NADH entering R.C. 3 ATP
• For e/c FADH entering R.C.  2 ATP
• Overall reactions
12H2 + 6O2  12H2O + 34ATP
Consider the following:
Glycolysis
Eq. (1) C6H12O6 + 6H2O  6CO2 + 12H2 + 4 ATP
KREB’S

Eq. (2) 12H2 + 6O2  12H2O + 34 ATP

Adding (1+2)
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
N.B. (Diag)
RESPIRATORY CHAIN
 Anaerobic Respiration
• Fermentation (observed in
microorganisms
• Obligate and facultative bacteria
(clostridium tetani and yeasts)
• Some cells respire anaerobically
(muscles)
• Hydrogen added back to pyruvate (no O2)
• Energy is lost in this process
 Anaerobic Resp; Plants/Fungi
• Eq (1) Pyruvate  ethanal + CO2 enzyme req.
decarboxylase
• Eq (2) etahnal + NADH+ + H+  ethanol + NAD+
enzyme req. OL dehydrogenase
• Overall: Pyruvate  ethanol + CO2
• No more ATP made
• Production of CO2 to make bread
• Ethanol waste product w/ high NRG used to
make Gasohol)
• Overall 2 molecules of ATP is produced per
glucose molecule
 Anaerobic Resp; Muscles
• Eq. Pyruvate + NADH+ + H+  lactate +
NAD+ Enzyme: lactate dehydrogenase
• No CO2 produced, OL is not made
• Product lactate salt lactic acid (cramp)
• Like in Fungi 2 molecules of ATP
produced p/glucose molecule: lactate still
contains NRG as seen w/ fungi
 Efficiency of An/Aerobic Resp.
• A. resp: 38 mol ATP total for e/c mol of glucose
oxidised
• NRG for complete oxidation 2880 KJ p/mol
• NRG in 1 mol ATP = 30.6 KJ
• Therefore 38 x 30.6 KJ = 1162.8 KJ
• So that NRG transfer w/ respect to efficiency is
1162.8/2880 = 40.4%
• Anaerobic resp. 61.2/210 KJ = 29.1% Fer
• Anaerobic resp. 61.2/150 KJ = 40.8% Muscles
 Oxygen DEBT
• Cells store rel. small qty of ATP
• ATP replaced a.s.a. it is given up
• Rest  exercising abruptly W/O warning
• Body has to make adjustments
• Anaerobic resp. occurs until Aerobic resp.
takes over
• Observe graphs
• Creatine phosphate