Gas_Turbine_Power_plant

Prepared by: NMG

 Basic Components
• Compressor
– Draws in air & compresses it
• Combustion Chamber
– Fuel pumped in and ignited to burn with compressed
air
• Turbine
– Hot gases converted to work
– Can drive compressor & external load
 Introduction of Gas turbine power plant

 Gas turbine:
 Air is compressed(squeezed) to high pressure by a fan-like device called the
compressor.
 Then fuel and compressed air are mixed in a combustion chamber and ignited.
 Hot gases are given off, which spin the turbine wheels.
 Most of the turbine’s power runs the compressor. Part of it drives the
generator/machinery.
October 15, 2023 3
 Gas turbine power plant…
 Gas turbine:
Description:

 Gas turbines burn fuels such as oil,

nature gas and pulverized (powdered)
coal.

 Instead of using the heat to produce

steam, as in steam turbines, gas turbines
use the hot gases directly to turn the
turbine blades.

October 15, 2023 4

 Introduction cont…..
 Applications of gas turbine:
 Gas turbines are used to drive pumps, compressors and high speed cars.
 Used in aircraft and ships for their propulsion. They are not suitable for
automobiles because of their very high speeds.
 Power generation(used for peak load and as stand-by unit).

Note :
 Gas turbines run at even higher temperatures than steam turbines, the
temperature may be as high as 1100 – 12600C.
 The thermal efficiency of gas turbine made of metal components do not
exceed 36%.
 Research is underway to use ceramic components at turbine inlet
temperature of 13500C or more, and reach thermal efficiencies over 40% in a
300 kW unit.

October 15, 2023 5

 Definition:

The gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that uses air as the
working fluid. The engine extracts chemical energy from fuel and
converts it to mechanical energy using the gaseous energy of the
working fluid (air) to drive the engine and propeller, which, in turn,
propel the airplane or produce electricity.
 Basic principle
1. Intake of air .
2. Compression of the air (and possibly fu.
3. Combustion, where fuel is injected (if it was not drawn in with the intake air) and burned to
convert the stored energy.
4. Expansion and exhaust, where the converted energy is put to use.

1-2 Isentropic compression

(in a compressor)
2-3 Isobaric (Constant Pressure)
heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion
(in turbine)
4-1 Isobaric (Constant Pressure)
heat rejection

how_combustion_plants_work.swf
 Open Cycle
Brayton Cycle: Ideal open Cycle for Gas-Turbine Engines
Gas turbines usually operate on an open cycle
Air at ambient conditions is drawn into the compressor, where its temperature and
pressure are raised. The high pressure air proceeds into the combustion chamber,
where the fuel is burned at constant pressure.

The high-temperature gases then

enter the turbine where they expand
to atmospheric pressure while
producing power output.
Some of the output power is used to
drive the compressor.
The exhaust gases leaving the
turbine are thrown out (not re-
circulated), causing the cycle to be
classified as an open cycle.
 Closed Cycle
The open gas-turbine cycle can be
modelled as a closed cycle, using the
air-standard assumptions (Fig. 9–30).

The compression and expansion

processes remain the same, but the
combustion process is replaced by a
constant-pressure heat addition
process from an external source.

The exhaust process is replaced by a

constant-pressure heat rejection
process to the ambient air.

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 Difference between Open GT and Closed GT

OpenGasTurbine.swf ClosedCycle.swf
 Advantages of Closed Cycle Gas Turbine

1) For a given output the size of the compressor and the turbine are very small.
2) There is no corrosion and accumulation of deposits of carbon tar on the blade
and nozzles of the turbine. No internal cleaning required.
3) Any fuel of high calorific value may be used, as the products of combustion do
not mix with the working fluid.
4) The waste heat of the combustion gases from the heat and reheated can be
further used for heating water. This can be used for hot water supply for industrial
or domestic purpose.

Disadvantages

2) Maintenance
3) Complex system
4) Dependent
Brayton cycle : The Ideal Cycle for Gas Turbine Engines
C. Brayton cycle : The Ideal Cycle for Gas Turbine
Engines
Thermodynamics analysis

Compressor w21  h2  h1  h
Or work absorb know that h  c p dT
w21  wcomp  c p (T2  T1 )

Heat supplied q32  h3  h2

in combustion
chamber qin  c p (T3  T2 )
C. Brayton cycle : The Ideal Cycle for Gas Turbine
Engines

Thermodynamics analysis

Turbine or w34  h3  h4  c p (T3  T4 )

expansion work wturb  c p (T3  T4 )

Heat exchanger q 41  h4  h1
Heat Reject q out  c p (T4  T1 )
Brayton cycle : The Ideal Cycle for Gas Turbine Engines

Thermodynamics analysis
Thermal work net wturb  wcomp
efficiency
 th  
heat supplied qin
c p (T3  T4 )  c p (T2  T1 )
 th 
c p (T3  T2 )
(T4  T1 ) qout
 th  1   1
(T3  T2 ) qin
 C. Brayton cycle : The Ideal Cycle for Gas Turbine
Engines

Processes 1 - 2 and 3 - 4 are isentropic,

( 1) /  ( 1) / 
T2  P2   P2  T3
      
T1  P1   P1  T4

1 P2
 th Brayton  1  ( 1) / 
, where pressure ratio rp 
r p P1
 Thermodynamics analysis work

wnet
Compressor Turbine wturbine

wcompressor
Back work

Work ratio
wturb  wcomp (T3  T4 )  (T2  T1 )
rw  
wturb (T3  T4 )
T1
rw  1 
T4

Back work
wcomp (T2 - T1 )
ratio rbw = =
w turb (T3 - T4 )
T1
rbw =
T4
 Difference between Ideal and Actual Gas Turbine

Pressure Drop
1. Pressure drop during heat addition
and heat rejection process
2. Actual work input to compressor is
more
3. Actual work from the turbine is less
Thermodynamics analysis :
Turbine efficiency

wa
hT = actual work
T
=
isentropic work ws
3
h3 - h4 ' T3 -T4 '
hT = =
h3 - h4 T3 -T4
2 2’
4’
4

1 s
Thermodynamics analysis : Compressor efficiency

3 isentropic work w
C  
actual work wa
h2  h1 T2  T1
2 2’
4’ C  
h2 '  h1 T2 '  T1
4

1
Thermodynamics analysis : actual thermal efficiency

T wnet

qin
3

(T3  T4 )  (T2  T1 )
 ideal 
2 2’ (T3  T2 )
4’
4 (T3  T4 ' )  (T2 '  T1 )
 actual 
1 (T3  T2 ' )
 Means of Improving the Efficiency and the Specific Output of Simple Cycle:
A) Improving turbine output. This may be done by ;-

•Reheating. The whole expansion in the turbine is achieved in two or more stages and reheating
is done after each stage.

•Increasing the value of maximum cycle temperature i.e. turbine inlet temperature. This
requires. a) Better quality of fuel b) New materials which can withstand high temperatures c)
Blade cooling methods.

•Improved turbine efficiency. It depends on design improvements.

B) Reducing compressor input. This may be done by

•Intercooling: Compressor work is reduced by intercooling the air between compressor stages.
•By lowering inlet temperature to compressor it is not practical because this will increase the
pressure ratio.
•By increasing the coprocessor efficiency. This depends upon the design improvement.
•Water injection. By injecting water at the inlet to compressor, the work output and efficiency is
increased due to the extra mass of water injected and cooling of air.

C) Regeneration: This is done by preheating the air with the turbine exhaust, thus saving the
fuel consumption
Gas Turbine with Reheater

reheatCycle.swf
 Ideal Cycle

Actual cycle

Reheat.swf
Gas Turbine cycle with intercooler
Regeneration is performed by
preheating the combustor air with
the exhaust gas from the turbine.
• Regeneration
– Reduces heat input requirements and lowers heat rejected.

Regeneration is performed by preheating the combustor air with the

exhaust gas from the turbine.
6
QH
2 5 4
3

WCOMP WTURB
1

Regeneration.swf

regenCycle.swf
Gas Turbine cycle with Intercooler, Regenerator and Reheater

reheatRegenMultiStage.swf

Intercooling, reheat & Regeneration.swf

 Example
A gas turbine power plant operating on an Brayton cycle has
a pressure ratio of 8. the gas temperature is 300K at
compressor inlet and 1,300K at turbine inlet. Utilizing the
air standard assumption, and assuming compressor
efficiency of 80% and turbine efficiency is 85%,
regenerator having effectiveness of 80% is is install,
determine the thermal efficiency.
 Example

The open cycle gas turbine operate on Brayton cycle with

pressure ratio 4.5/1. Air enter the compressor at 210C
and heated to 7800C at entry to the turbine. If mass
flow rate is 140kg/min, Determine :
a) Cycle efficiency
b) Power output from the plant.

k=1.4, cp=1.005kJ/kgK

Data :
rp=4.5, T1=294K, T3=1053K, m=2.33kg/s
Process 1-2, isentropic compression

Process 3-4, isentropic expansion

Consider 1kg of heat supply,

 Heat rejection

Net work output

Cycle efficiency
Net work output per second
Example
A gas turbine power plant operating on an ideal Brayton
cycle has a pressure ratio of 8. The gas temperature is
300K at compressor inlet and 1,300K at turbine inlet.
Utilizing the air standard assumption, determine :
a) The air and gas temperature at exit of the compressor and
turbine,
b) the back work ratio,
c) The thermal efficiency
Example
A gas turbine power plant operating on brayton cycle has a
pressure ratio of 8. the gas temperature is 300K at
compressor inlet and 1,300K at turbine inlet. Utilizing the
air standard assumption, and assuming compressor
efficiency of 80% and turbine efficiency is 85%, determine
back work ratio, thermal efficiency.
Solution
Process 1-2, isentropic compression on ideal gas

T2 = at compressor exit

Process 3-4, isentropic expansion on ideal gas

T4 = at Turbine exit
Solution
Compressor

Turbine

Turbine
Example 9-2

The ideal air-standard Brayton cycle operates with air entering the compressor at 95 kPa,
22oC. The pressure ratio rp is 6:1 and the air leaves the heat addition process at 1100 K.
Determine the compressor work and the turbine work per unit mass flow, the cycle
efficiency, the back work ratio, and compare the compressor exit temperature to the turbine
exit temperature. Assume constant properties.

Apply the conservation of energy for steady-flow and neglect changes in kinetic and potential
energies to process 1-2 for the compressor. Note that the compressor is isentropic.
E in  E out
m 1h1  W comp  m 2 h2
The conservation of mass gives
m in  m out
m 1  m 2  m

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 For constant specific heats, the compressor work per unit mass flow is
W comp  m (h2  h1 )
W comp  mC
 p (T2  T1 )
W comp
wcomp   C p (T2  T1 )
m
Since the compressor is isentropic

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 wcomp  C p (T2  T1 )
kJ
 1005
. (492.5  295) K
kg  K
kJ
 19815
.
kg
The conservation of energy for the turbine, process 3-4, yields for constant specific heats
(let’s take a minute for you to get the following result)
W turb  m (h3  h4 )
W turb  mC
 p (T3  T4 )
W turb
wturb   C p (T3  T4 )
m
Since process 3-4 is isentropic

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 Since P3 = P2 and P4 = P1, we see that
( k 1) / k
T4  1 
 
T3  rp 
( k 1) / k
1  1
(1.4 1) /1.4

T4  T3    1100 K    659.1 K
r 6
 p 
kJ
wturb  C p (T3  T4 )  1005
. (1100  659.1) K
kg  K
kJ
 442.5
kg

We have already shown the heat supplied to the cycle per unit mass flow in process 2-3 is
m 2  m 3  m
m h  Q  m h
2 2 in 3 3

Q in
qin   h3  h2
m
kJ
 C p (T3  T2 )  1005
. (1100  492.5) K
kg  K
kJ
 609.6 47
kg
The net work done by the cycle is
wnet  wturb  wcomp
kJ
 (442.5  19815
. )
kg
kJ
 244.3
kg
The cycle efficiency becomes
wnet
 th , Brayton 
qin
kJ
244.3
kg
  0.40 or 40%
kJ
609.6
kg

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