Basic Concepts

TELE10025
Edge to Core: Network Foundations
2022 Winter

Paolo Treves, Sheridan College

(adapted from: Dr. Khaled Mahmud, Sheridan College)
2
Agenda

 Data Communications

 Networks

 Network Types

(c) Paolo Treves

3
Reference/Reading

 Reading:
 Ch 1 [FOR5]

 Reference:
 Most of the slides are taken from textbook, Chapter 1
 Find other sources inline

 Web reference:
 See inline

(c) Khaled Mahmud

4
Data Flow

 Simplex
 Half-duplex
 Full-duplex

(c) Khaled Mahmud

5
Features of Network

 Network criteria
 Performance
 Throughput
 Delay

 Reliability
 Security

 Physical structure
 Types of Connection
 Physical Topology

(c) Khaled Mahmud

6
Types of Connections (Links)

 Links
 Point-to-point link
 Multipoint (point-to-multipoint) link, shared links

(c) Khaled Mahmud

7
Physical Topology

 Physical Topology refers to the way in which a network is laid out

physically
 It is the geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and
linking devices
 Two or more nodes connect to a link
 Two or more links form a Topology
 Four basic topologies
 Mesh
 Star (and Tree)
 Bus
 Ring

(c) Khaled Mahmud

8
Mesh Topology

 Full mesh
 Each node is connected to every other node
 Very reliable, but
 Quite expensive
Example:
If there are n nodes in the network, we need:
n=5
(i) n(n-1)/2 links # of links = 10
(ii) n(n-1) interfaces # of interfaces = 20

 Partial mesh
 Not all the nodes are connected

(c) Khaled Mahmud

9
Star Topology

 Each end node is connected to a central controller (hub) node with

 Point-to-point links
 No connection between end nodes

(c) Khaled Mahmud

10
Bus Topology

 Each end node is connected to

 A backbone cable
 Using multipoint links
 No more used in modern networks

(c) Khaled Mahmud

11
Ring Topology

 Networking nodes daisy-chained connection using

 Point-to-point link
 End nodes are connected to networking nodes get the data on the ring
 Used in Optical Fibre network in WANs

(c) Khaled Mahmud

12
Hybrid Topology

 Combination of more than one basic topology

 More practical
 Tree topology is an extended star

(c) Khaled Mahmud

13
Network Types

 Local Area Network (LAN)

 Wide Area Network (WAN)

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

 Personal Area Network (PAN)

(c) Khaled Mahmud

14
LAN
 A Local Area Network (LAN) is usually privately owned and connects some hosts in a
single office, building, or campus
 Depending on the needs of an organization,
 A LAN can be as simple as two PCs and a printer in someone’s home office, or
 It can extend throughout a company and include audio and video devices
 Each host in a LAN has an identifier, an address, that uniquely defines the host in the
LAN
 A packet sent by a host to another host carries both the source host’s and the
destination host’s addresses

(c) Khaled Mahmud

15
WAN

 A wide area network (WAN) is also an connection of devices capable of

communication
 Some differences of LAN and WAN:

LAN WAN

Limited in size Wider geographic span (town, city, country,

world)
Privately own and operated Operated for business, leased by customers

Interconnects host like PCs, servers Interconnects networking devices like

switches, routers, modems
Can use point-to-point or multipoint links Usually uses point-to-point links

(c) Khaled Mahmud

16
WAN Links

 Point-to-point WAN link

 Switched WAN

(c) Khaled Mahmud

17 A Practical Examples of Interconnection

 An internetwork made of two LANs and one WAN

(c) Khaled Mahmud

18 Heterogeneous Network Made of WANs
and LANs

(c) Khaled Mahmud

19
Switching

 An internet is a switched network in which a switch connects at least two

links together
 A switch needs to forward data from a network to another network when
required

 The two most common types of switched networks are:

 Circuit-Switched (CS) network
 Packet Switched (PS) network

(c) Khaled Mahmud

20
Circuit-Switched (CS) Network

(c) Khaled Mahmud

21
Traditional Telephone Network

(c) Khaled Mahmud

22
Packet-Switched (PS) Network

(c) Khaled Mahmud

23

(c) Khaled Mahmud Cisco Network Academy

24
Key Terms

 Simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex

 Point-to-point link, point-to-multipoint link
 Topologies: Mesh, Star, Bus, Ring, Tree, Hybrid
 Circuit-switch, Packet-switch
 LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN

(c) Khaled Mahmud

25
Some Sample Questions

 What are the 5 components of a network?

 In a full-mesh network with 8 networking nodes,
 (i) how many point-to-point links will be required?
 (ii) how many interfaces will be required in total?
 List the differences of LAN and WAN.
 What is the difference between CS and PS networks?
 What are the basic topologies? Draw a sample network with hybrid
topology.
 What is the difference between ‘internet’ and ‘the Internet’?

 Study all chapter-end questions.

(c) Khaled Mahmud