Migration

Concepts and
Measures
MIGRATION
MIGRATION

Among the components of change in the

demographic balancing equation (e.g.
births, deaths, and net migration)
migration typically shows the least stable
trends over time and is the most difficult
to measure.
MIGRATION
So, Why Try to Measure it?
Although measuring migration can be
challenging, it is important for:
• Economic planning and rural-urban
development
• Utilities and public spending (sanitation,
education, etc.)
• Internal security
• Understanding society and social change
MIGRATION
• Migration is the movement of people into or
out of a geographic area for the purpose of
establishing new permanent residence in the
area by destination, crossing a defined
territorial boundary
• It can involve movement within the country
(internal) and across national borders
(international)
Measuring Migration
– Challenges
Flows: Gross vs. Net Migration
Gross migration refers to the total number of one-way movements
across a particular boundary (inflows, outflows, or both).
Example:
• Gross Inflows 205,000
• Gross Outflows 105,000
• Gross Inflows + Outflows 310,000

Net migration is the difference between inflows and outflows which lead to
population growth or decline:
• Net Inflows 100,000
MIGRATION
Time Reference
 Lifetime migration
• Current area of residence is different
from the area of birth
 Period Migration
• Current area of residence is different
from residence in a specified period
prior to enumeration (e.g. 5 years ago)
MIGRATION

Definition of Migrants:
a. Immigrants
b. In- migrants
c. Emigrants
d. Out- migrants
Who are migrants?
Some typical categories:
People moving for work
People moving to study (students)
Those moving for family-related reasons (e.g.,
marriage)
Internal displacement (wars or forced migration)
International – above categories, plus refugees,
asylum seekers, etc.
Some Typical Sources of Data on Migration

Censuses
Surveys
Demographic
Labor
Economic
Immigration Registration Systems
Example - U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
(USCIS)(formerly Immigration and Naturalization
Service)
Other Sources of Estimates of Migration

 Transport authorities, including records from

 Airports
 Seaports
 Border crossing, etc.

 “Mirror” Statistics – migrant counts by other countries

 Residuals of other estimates in the demographic balancing equation

 Other administrative records (e.g., tax returns)

 Estimates by various organizations

 United Nations, U.S. Census Bureau, Council of Europe (TACIS), EuroSTAT,
OECD, Transmonee, etc.
Measuring Migration

Dejure vs. Defacto

• The measurement of crude migration rates may be affected
by the type of population count used in the denominator:
• De facto counts refer to those present at the time of
enumeration. Such counts include visitors.
• De jure counts refer to those present at the time of
enumeration plus those “temporarily absent” (away for no
more than some maximum specified time period, e.g., 6
months). The combination of these are referred to as “usual
residents.”
MIGRATION
MIGRATION

Transnationalism
The creation of a transnational community
linking immigrant groups in the advanced
countries with their respective sending
nations and hometowns
 people who live dual lives: speaking two languages,
having homes in two countries, and making a living
through regular contact across national borders
MIGRATION
Counter-urbanisation
Movement of people away from urban
areas to live in smaller towns and villages
MIGRATION

Simple Model of Migration

PUSH PULL
Migration
force a person encourage a
to move person to move
MIGRATION
Issues associated with migration
 Push and Pull factors
Poverty
Lack of economic opportunities in area of origin
 Unmanaged urbanization
 Unequal population distribution
 Environmental problems
Encroachments to protected areas and hazardous
areas
Waste management
 Access and provision of services (residents vs migrants)
Other Concepts:

Area of origin
• The area from which a migrant moves

Area of destination
• The area to which a migrant moves
Migration Measures
• In-migration Rate – the number of migrants
arriving in an area of destination per 1,000
population of the destination area in a given year

Number of in-migrants
In-migration Rate = x 1,000
Total mid-year population
of the same year
Migration Measures
• Out-migration Rate – the number of migrants
departing or leaving an area or origin per 1,000
population of that area of origin in a given year
Number of out-migrants
Out-migration Rate = x 1,000
Total mid-year population
of the same year
Migration Measures
• Gross Migration Rate – the sum of in-migration
and out-migration on an area’s population, per
1,000 population of the area in a given year
Number of (in-migrants + out-
migrants)
Gross-migration x 1,000
Rate = Total mid-year population
of the same year
Migration Measures
• Net Migration Rate – the net effect of in-migration
and out-migration on an area’s population,
expressed as increase or decrease per 1,000
population of the area in a given year
Number of ( in-migrants –
out-migrants)
Net-migration Rate = x 1,000
Mid-year population of the
same year
 Thank You!
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