Chapter 3

Network Types
 Chapter Objective

• After the end of this chapter, students will be able to:

 Demonstrate about types of Networks

 Understand about LANs, WANs and Internetworks

 Demonstrate about Peer to peer versus Server based Networks

 Describe about Packet-switched and Circuit switched networks

 Demonstrate about Network cabling & Topologies

 Chapter outline
Network Types
• LANs, WANs and Internetworks Overview of network topologies
• Peer to peer Vs Server based • Mesh
Networks
• Star
• Introduction to Wireless Network
• Hybrid and Tree
(Assignment)
• Bus and
• Packet-switched and Circuit switched
networks (Assignment) • Ring
 Network Types
LANs, WANs and Internetworks
 Group Discussion

• What is Internet

• What is difference and similarity between network and internet

• Do you Know about types of network?

• What is topology and network topology?

 Network Types

• Computer network can be classified according to:

1. Geographical span 2. Ownership/Accessibility

3. Configuration
1. PAN 1. Intranet
2. LAN 1. Peer-to-peer and
2. Extranet and
3. MAN and 3. Internet 2. Server Based Networks
4. WAN
 1. Types of Network according to Geographical span

1. Personal Area Network (PAN)

• PAN is smallest network which is very personal to a user.
• This may include Bluetooth enabled devices or infra-red enabled devices.
• PAN has connectivity range up to 10 meters.
• PAN may include:
Wireless computer keyboard and mouse,

Bluetooth enabled headphones,

Wireless printers and TV remotes.

 1. Types of Network according to Geographical span

2. Local area network (LAN).

• LAN is the basic building block of any computer network.
• A LAN can range from simple (two computers connected by a cable) to
complex (hundreds of connected computers and peripherals throughout a
major corporation).
• The distinguishing feature of a LAN is that it is confined to a limited
geographic area.
 1. Types of Network according to Geographical span
2. Local area network (LAN) LAN technologies
Ethernet:
• Ethernet is a widely deployed LAN technology invented by Bob
Metcalfe and D.R. Boggs in the year 1970.
• It was standardized in IEEE 802.3 in 1980.
• It shares media (has high probability of data collision).
• So that it uses Carrier Sense Multi Access/Collision Detection
(CSMA /CD) technology to detect collisions.
 1. Types of Network according to Geographical span
2. Local area network (LAN) LAN technologies
Ethernet:
• On the occurrence of collision in Ethernet, all its hosts roll back, wait
for some random amount of time, and then retransmit the data.
• Ethernet connector is Network Interface Card equipped with 48-bits
MAC address.
• This helps other Ethernet devices to identify and communicate with
remote devices in Ethernet.
 1. Types of Network according to Geographical span
2. Local area network (LAN) LAN technologies
Ethernet:
• Traditional Ethernet uses 10BASE-T specifications.
• The number 10 depicts 10MBPS speed, BASE stands for baseband, and
T stands for Thick Ethernet.
• 10BASE-T Ethernet provides transmission speed up to 10MBPS and
uses coaxial cable or Cat-5 twisted pair cable with RJ-5 connector.
• It follows star topology with segment length up to 100 meters.
• All devices are connected to a hub/switch in a star fashion.
 1. Types of Network according to Geographical span
2. Local area network (LAN) LAN technologies
Fast-Ethernet:
• To encompass need of fast emerging software and hardware
technologies, Ethernet extends itself as Fast-Ethernet.
• It can run on UTP, Optical Fiber, and wirelessly too.
• It can provide speed up to 100 MBPS.
• This standard is named as 100BASE-T in IEEE 803.2 using Cat-5 twisted
pair cable.
 1. Types of Network according to Geographical span
2. Local area network (LAN) LAN technologies
Fast-Ethernet:
• It uses CSMA/CD technique for wired media sharing among the Ethernet hosts
and CSMA/ Collision Avoidance (CA).
• CA stands for Collision Avoidance technique for wireless Ethernet LAN.
• Fast Ethernet on fiber is defined under 100BASE-FX (Fast Ethernet over fiber
optic cables) standard which provides speed up to 100 MBPS on fiber optic.
• Ethernet over fiber can be extended up to 100 meters in half-duplex mode and
can reach maximum of 2000 meters in full-duplex over multimode fibers.
 1. Types of Network according to Geographical span
2. Local area network (LAN) LAN technologies
Giga-Ethernet:
• After being introduced in 1995, Fast-Ethernet could enjoy its high speed status
only for 3 years till Giga-Ethernet introduced.
• Giga-Ethernet provides speed up to 1000 MB/seconds.
• IEEE802.3ab standardizes Giga-Ethernet over UTP using Cat-5, Cat-5e and Cat-6
cables.
• IEEE802.3ah defines Giga-Ethernet over Fiber.
 1. Types of Network according to Geographical span
3. Wide area network (WAN)
• A WAN, on the other hand, has no geographical limit.
• It can connect computers and other devices on opposite sides of the
world.
• A WAN is made up of a number of interconnected LANs.
• Perhaps the ultimate WAN is the Internet.
• LANs typically have much higher transmission rates than WANs.
 1. Types of Network according to Geographical span
3. Wide area network (WAN)
• Most LANs are able to transmit data at around 100Mbps (million bits per
second).
• Whereas WANs generally transmit at less than 10Mbps.
• Another difference is the error rates in transmission:
• Errors in data transmission is higher for a WAN than for a LAN.
• This distinction between LANs and WANs is made because of the locality
principle.
 1. Types of Network according to Geographical span
4. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• You may sometimes hear about other classifications of networks, apart from
LANs and WANs.
• Although these terms are less commonly used that LAN and WAN, it is still
useful to know them.
• A CAN is a Campus Area Network this is a collection of LANs linked together
with high performance hardware within a university or college campus.
• Similarly a MAN, or Metropolitan Area Network, is a collection of LANs linked
together within a town or city.
 2. Types of network according to Ownership/ Accessibility
Internetwork
Before discussing about the terms internet, intranet and extranet, we need to discuss the
term Internetwork

• A network of networks is called an internetwork, or simply the internet.

• An internetwork can be defined as two or more computer networks (LAN) which
are connected together, using Network Routers.
• It is the largest network in existence on this planet.
• The internet hugely connects all WANs and it can have connection to LANs and
Home networks.
• Internet uses TCP/IP protocol suite and uses IP as its addressing protocol.
2. Types of network according to Ownership/ Accessibility
Internetwork
• Each network in an Internetwork has its own Network Address, which is
different from other networks inside the Internetwork.
• Network Address is used to identify the networks inside an Internetwork.
• Internetwork allows different users at different geographical locations of an
organization to share data, resources and to communicate.
• Modern businesses cannot even function without Internetwork.
• Internet, Intranet and Extranet are different types of internetwork.
 2. Types of network according to Ownership/ Accessibility

1. Internet:
• The Internet is a network that is available to anyone with an Internet-
connected device (network of network).
• It is a massive collection of networks sharing information publicly in the
form of interlinked Web pages.
• Internet Protocol (IP) defines a site's unique location which most users see
as a domain name or URL.
• The network is literally world-wide and is often referred to as the WWW.
 2. Types of network according to Ownership/ Accessibility

2. Intranet:
• Intranet is a restricted version of the internet, that typically does not allow
access to anyone outside of its network.
• An intranet is typically a local only network, meaning only people who are
directly wired to the intranet can access the information stored on its
servers.
• Intranets may be used for organizations or networks that do not want their
information to be able to be accessed by outside sources, and is especially
important for organizations that require a high amount of secrecy
 2. Types of network according to Ownership/ Accessibility

2. Intranet:
• such as a server that holds military secrets or a database for the CIA.
• Intranets are basically mini versions of the internet that connect just a few
servers, instead of the countless number of servers that the internet holds and
connects with one another.
• Intranets may or may not have access to the Internet.
• If an intranet does connect to the Internet, a firewall is used to prevent outside
access to the intranet.
• It is sometimes referred to as a private Internet.
2. Types of network according to Ownership/ Accessibility

As you look on the above network diagram:

• Intranet is shared content accessed by members within a single organization.

• Extranet is shared content accessed by groups through cross-enterprise boundaries.

• Internet is global communication accessed through the Web.

 Network Types
Peer to peer Vs Server based
Networks
 3. Types of network based on their Configuration

1. Peer-to-peer networks
• In a peer-to-peer network, there are no dedicated servers, and there is no
hierarchy among the computers.
• All the computers are equal and therefore are known as peers.
• Each computer functions as both a client and a server, and there is no
administrator responsible for the entire network.
• The user at each computer determines what data on that computer is shared on
the network.
• Peer-to-peer networks are also sometimes called workgroups.
 3. Types of network based on their Configuration

1. Peer-to-peer networks
• Peer-to-peer networks are good choices for environments where:
There are 10 users or fewer.

Users share resources, such as printers, but no specialized servers exist.

Security is not an issue.

The organization and the network will experience only limited growth within the
foreseeable future.

• Peer-to-peer networks are relatively simple and less expensive than

server-based networks.
 3. Types of network based on their Configuration

1. Peer-to-peer networks
• Advantages of a peer-to-peer Network:
Computers are located at users' desks

Users act as their own administrators and plan their own security

They are cheap and easy to set up and administer for small groups of users

Less initial expense - No need for a dedicated server.

• Disadvantages of a peer-to-peer network:

Decentralized - No central repository for files and applications.

Security - Does not provide the security available on a client/server network.

 3. Types of network based on their Configuration

2. Server-based networks (Client/Server Network)

• Servers are described as "dedicated" because they are not

themselves clients, and because they are optimized to service

requests from network clients quickly and to ensure the security of

files and directories.

• Although it is more complex to install, configure, and manage.

 3. Types of network based on their Configuration
2. Server-based networks (Client/Server Network)
Advantages of a Server-based networks over Peer-to-peer networks:
• User logon accounts and passwords can be assigned in one place.

• Access to multiple shared resources can be centrally granted to a single user or

groups of users.
• Problems can be tracked, diagnosed, and often fixed from one location.

• Servers are optimized to handle heavy processing loads and dedicated to handling
requests from clients, enabling faster response time.
• B/C of their efficient processing and larger disk storage, servers can connect more than
a handful of computers on a network
 3. Types of network based on their Configuration
2. Server-based networks (Client/Server Network)
Advantages of a Client/Server Network:
• Centralized - Resources and data security are controlled through the server.
• Scalability - Any or all elements can be replaced individually as needs
increase.
• Flexibility - New technology can be easily integrated into system.
• Interoperability - All components (client/network/server) work together.
• Accessibility - Server can be accessed remotely and across multiple
platforms.
 3. Types of network based on their Configuration
2. Server-based networks (Client/Server Network)
Disadvantages of a Client/Server Network:
• Expense - Requires initial investment in dedicated server.
• Maintenance - Large networks will require a staff to ensure efficient
operation.
• Dependence - When server goes down, operations will cease across the
network.
 Crossover Cable
Straight Through Cable

Network cabling
and
Network Topologies
 Network Topologies
Topology - the way in which multiple devices are interconnected via
communication links.

It is physical and logical connection of devices on the network

• Physical topology: Mapping of the nodes (computers) of a network and the
physical connections between them.
i.e., the layout of wiring, cables, the locations of nodes, and the
interconnections between the nodes and the cabling or wiring system.
• Logical topology is bound to network protocols and describe how data is
moved across the network.
 Network Topologies

• Network topology, also refers to the arrangement or physical layout of computers,

cables, and other components on the network.

• "Topology" is the standard term that most network professionals use when they refer to
the network's basic design.

• In addition to the term "topology," you will find several other terms that are used to
define a network's design:
Physical layout,

Design,

Diagram and map.

 Network Topologies

• Developing a sense of how to use the different topologies is a key to

understanding the capabilities of the different types of networks.

• Because a network's topology affects its capabilities.

• The choice of one topology over another will have an impact on the:
Type of equipment that the network needs
Capabilities of the network
Growth of the network
Way the network is managed
 Network Topologies
• Before computers can share resources or perform other communication tasks they
must be connected.

• Most networks use cable to connect one computer to another.

• However, it is not as simple as just plugging a computer into a cable connecting to

other computers.

• Different types of cable combined with different network cards, network operating
systems, and other components require different types of arrangements.

• To work well, a network topology takes planning.

 Network Topologies
• For example, a particular topology can determine not only the type of cable
used but also how the cabling runs through floors, ceilings (Roof), and walls.

• Topology can also determine how computers communicate on the network.

• Different topologies require different communication methods, and these

methods have a great influence on the network.

• Basic there are five types of computer Network topology these are
includes: 1. Bus 2. Star 3. Rind 4. Mesh and 5. Hybrid
 Network Topologies
1. Bus Topology

• The bus topology is often referred to

as a "linear bus" because the
computers are connected in a straight
line.

• The simplest and most common

method of networking computers or
Network Topology.
 Network Topologies

1. Bus Topology

• In case of Bus topology, all devices share single communication line or cable.

• Bus topology may have problem while multiple hosts sending data at the
same time.

• Therefore, Bus topology either uses CSMA/CD technology or recognizes one

host as Bus Master to solve the issue.

• Both ends of the shared channel have line terminator.

 Network Topologies

1. Bus Topology
• The data is sent in only one direction and as soon as it reaches the extreme
end, the terminator removes the data from the line.

• To understand how computers communicate on a bus, you need to be familiar

with three concepts:

1. Sending the signal

2. Signal bounce and

3. Terminator
 1. Bus Topology

1. Sending the signal:

• When sending a signal from one computer on the network to another, network data in
the form of electronic signals is sent to all the computers on the network.

• However, only the computer whose address matches the address encoded in the
original accepts the information.

• All other computers reject the data.

 Because only one computer at a time can send data on a bus network.

• In this process the number of computers attached to the bus will affect network performance.
 1. Bus Topology
1. Sending the signal:

• The more computers there are on a bus, the more computers will be
waiting to put data on the bus.

• Computers on a bus either transmit data to other computers on the

network or listen for data from other computers on the network.

• They are not responsible for moving data from one computer to the next.

• Consequently, if one computer fails, it does not affect the rest of the
network.
 1. Bus Topology
2. Signal bounce:

• Electronic signal(Data), is sent to the entire network, it travels from one end
of the cable to the other.

• If the signal is allowed to continue uninterrupted, it will keep bouncing

backward and forward along the cable and prevent other computers from
sending signals.

• Therefore, the signal must be stopped after it has had a chance to reach
the proper destination address.
 1. Bus Topology

3. Terminator:

• To stop the signal from bouncing, a component called a terminator is

placed at each end of the cable to absorb free signals.

• Absorbing the signal clears the cable so that other computers can send

data.
 1. Bus Topology
Disadvantages
Advantages
• Becomes slow with the increase in
• Require less cable compared to number of nodes.

other network topologies. • Only a single message can travel at a

• Bus topology can be extended easily particular time.

on either side. • The cable length is limited.

• This limits the number of stations that can

• It is Cheap, easy to handle and
be connected.
implement.
• This network topology can perform well
• It is best suited for small networks only for a limited number of nodes.
 2. Star topology
• In the star topology, cable segments from each computer are
connected to a centralized component/ device called a
hub/switch using a point-to-point connection.

• The hub takes a signal that comes from any node and passes it
along to all the other nodes in the network.

• Data on a star network passes through the hub, switch, or

concentrator before continuing to its destination.
 2. Star topology

• The hub, switch, or concentrator manages and controls all

functions of the network.

• The star topology reduces the chance of network failure by

connecting all of the systems to a central node.

• That is, there exists a point to point connection between hosts and
hub.
 Network Topologies
2. Star Topology
• The hub device can be any of the following:
Layer-1 device such as hub or repeater

Layer-2 device such as switch or bridge

Layer-3 device such as router or gateway.

• Signals are transmitted from the sending computer through the hub to all
computers on the network.

• As in Bus topology, hub acts as single point of failure.

 Network Topologies
2. Star Topology
• If hub fails, connectivity of all hosts to all
other hosts fails.

• If one computer or the cable that

connects it to the hub - fails on a star
network, only the failed computer will
not be able to send or receive network
data.
 2. Star Topology
Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Star Topology
Disadvantages Advantages

• More cables are required to be

• Less damage in case of a
connected
single computer failure as it
because each computer individually
connects to the central server does not affect the entire

• Single point of failure in case the server network.

get down.
 Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Star Topology
Advantages
 Its speed is very high.
 The network is highly scalable.
 It is the most efficient.
 It has a centralized network
management system.
 It is very safe to use.
 There are no point-to-point
connections.
 It is very reliable.
Disadvantages
 Maintenance cost is very high.
 Central device dependency
 More expensive because of the cost
of the concentrators
 It requires additional equipment.
 The system is immobile.
 Cables are wires used in this network
got damaged very easily.
 The data transfer rate is very low in
wireless star topology systems.
 Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Star Topology
Advantages
 Easy to manage
 Easy to locate problems
(cable/workstations)
 It is the most efficient.
 Easier to expand than a bus or
ring topology.
 Easy to install and wire.
 Easy to detect faults and to
remove parts.
Disadvantages
 Requires more cable length than a
linear topology
 If the hub or concentrator fails,
nodes attached are disabled
 It is very expensive.
 It requires additional equipment.
 The system is immobile.
 3. Ring topology

• Basically there are two types of ring Topology Includes:

1. Unidirectional and

2. Bidirectional

• Unidirectional: limits the option down to one.

The unidirectional network can either be clockwise or

anti-clockwise.

• Bidirectional: allows data to move freely in both directions

 Network Topologies
3. Ring topology
In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors for communication
purposes.

All messages travel through a ring in the same direction.

A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down the entire network.

A token, or small data packet, is continuously passed around the network.

When a device needs to transmit, it reserves the token for the next trip around, then
attaches its data packet to it.
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 3. Ring topology
• The ring topology connects computers on a single circle of
cable.

• Unlike the bus topology, there are no terminated ends.

• The signals travel around the loop in one direction and pass
through each computer, which can act as a repeater to boost
the signal and send it on to the next computer.

• The failure of one computer can have an impact on the entire

network.

• The communication is takes place through token special

packet.
 3. Ring topology

• Basically there are two types of ring Topology Includes:

1. Unidirectional and

2. Bidirectional

• Unidirectional: limits the option down to one.

The unidirectional network can either be clockwise or

anti-clockwise.

• Bidirectional: allows data to move freely in both directions

 3. Ring topology

• Ring topology holds the maximum possibility of a disruption in the system failure of even
a single link.
Because it has no alternative path to forward the data.

• There’s a distinct term in Ring Topology which is named Token Passing.

• This token is the companion of data in the journey from one computer to
another.

• Their journey together starts from the source computer.

 Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Ring topology

Advantages
 Fast Execution
 Better Administration
 Straightforward adaptability
 Reliability of network
 The one-directional flow of data
 Unique Connectivity
 Good Troubleshooting feature
Disadvantages
• Quite Expensive
• Slow Activity Rate
• Unprotected use
• Need for Hardiness
• Poor device Attachment
• Cable Breakdowns
• Bandwidth Deficiencies
 Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Ring topology
Advantages Disadvantages
 Easier to Mange than a Bus • The failure of a single node of the
Network network can cause the entire
 Good Communication over long network to fail.
distances • The movement or changes made
 Handles high volume of traffic to network nodes affects the
 Reliability of network performance of the entire
network.
 Mesh Topology
• In this topology, each node is connected to every other node in the network.

• Implementing the mesh topology is expensive and difficult.

• In this type of network, each node may send message to destination through

multiple paths.
• A mesh topology network offers superior redundancy and reliability.

• This configuration provides redundant paths throughout the network.

So, that if one cable fails, another will take over the traffic.
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 4. Mesh Topology

• In a mesh topology, each computer

is connected to every other

computer may also have hosts

which are in point-to-point

Connection to few hosts only by

separate cabling.
 4. Mesh Topology
Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Mesh Topology
Advantages Disadvantages
• High-level traffic management • High cost

• Failure of one single device does not
affect the network
• Data transmission consistency
• New devices addition does not affect
the data transmission
• Simple scalability
• Time-consuming to build and maintain
• High risk of redundant connection
• Increased workload in each node
• Latency issues
• There is mesh of wiring which can be
difficult to manage.
 Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Mesh Topology
Advantages Disadvantages
• Most commonly used Network Topology • Installation is complex as each node
in IoT deployments.
is connected to every node.
• Easy to add mesh topology.
• Cabling cost is high.
• Takedown of the network is nearly
impossible.

• No need for centralized authority.

• Flexible

• Management of massive volume of data

 Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Mesh Topology
Advantages
• Mesh networks do not have any single
points of failure.
So, if one component fails, it is
always possible to find an alternative
route.
• Multiple devices can transmit data at the
same time, allowing for high amounts of
traffic.
Advantages
• No traffic problem as there are
dedicated links.
• It has multiple links, so if one route is
blocked then other routes can be used
for data communication.
• Points to point links make fault
identification easy.
 Network Topologies
Tree topologies
• Bus-star topology is also known as tree topology.

• In tree topology, it incorporates the elements of both a

bus topology as well as a star topology.

• Tree topology is not a commonly used network, but when

a combined hierarchical or scalability setup is required
between two networks, this topology comes into work.

• Since it appears like a tree, the structure of a tree

topology is quite different from others.
 Tree topologies

• The central node of this topology acts as a strength for the network used, and it
has some nodes extending outwards, just like branches of a tree.

• In tree topology, Only the root is seen in between any two nodes on the network.

• The connection pattern looks like a tree whose branches spread from only one
route.

• Tree topology is a hybrid of bus topology and star topology.

• In a bus topology, all the other nodes are connected by a central node known as
the bus.
 Tree topologies

• Each and every node in a star topology is connected through hubs.

• For that reason, tree topology is an expansion of these two topologies, which is
easily called an expanded star topology.

• In this topology, only one connection exists Between any two connected nodes.

• So, a parent and child hierarchy is created in a tree topology.

• In this topology, for forming a hierarchical structure, all the nodes of this network
are connected through a central node.

• Hence tree topology is also known as hierarchical topology.

 Tree topologies

• It is one of the simplest approaches among all the topologies.

• Tree topologies are flexible and reliable.

• One has to connect extra cables and a hub for the expansion of this network.

• Tree topology networks can also be connected in large areas.

• One can click as many servers as they go through the network.

• When any data is transmitted through your computer, it will get broadcasted in
the hub, and then the message will be conveyed by the hub to the designated
computer.
 Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Tree topology
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Difficulty in maintenance and
1. Fast Execution
configuration
2. Failure of a solo node will not disturb the other 2. Difficult to install a tree topology network.
nodes
3. The cable length of a tree topology is
3. Tree topology does not require any particular type minimal. If we expand the topology, the
of cable excess cable is required, which results in
increasing overall expense.
4. We can expand tree topology easily 4. Tree topology poses high-security threats.
5. Tree topology is one of the finest choices while 5. If the main cable of the topology
adding new devices due to its hybrid approach collapses, the whole network will also
collapse.
 Hybrid Topology
• A combination of any two or more network topologies.

• A hybrid topology always mount up when two different basic network

topologies are connected.

• Usually, a central computer is attached with sub-controllers which in turn

participate in a variety of topologies.

• Often, a mesh topology will be used in conjunction with other topologies to

form a hybrid topology.

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 Network Topologies
Hybrid topologies
• Also known as Hierarchical Topology (Tree),
this is the most common form of network
topology in use presently.

• A network structure whose design contains

more than one topology is said to be hybrid
topology.

• Hybrid topology inherits merits and demerits

of all the incorporating topologies.
 Hybrid topologies
• This topology divides the network in to multiple levels/layers
of network.

• Mainly in LANs, a network is split into three types of network

devices.

• The lowermost is access-layer where computers are attached.

• The middle layer is known as distribution layer, which works

as mediator between upper layer and lower layer.

• The highest layer is known as core layer, and is central point

of the network, i.e. root of the tree from which all nodes
branch.
 Hybrid topologies
• All neighboring hosts have point-to-point connection
between them.

• Similar to the Bus topology, if the root goes down,

then the entire network suffers even; though it is not
the single point of failure.

• Every connection serves as point of failure, failing of

which divides the network into unreachable segment.

• Internet is the best example of largest Hybrid

topology.
 Hybrid topologies

Types of Hybrid topologies

• Basically there three types of Hybrid topologies

1. Star-Ring hybrid topology

2. Star-Bus hybrid topology

3. Hierarchical Network Topology

 Hybrid topologies

Advantages of a Hybrid Topology

• It is extremely flexible.
• It is very reliable.
Disadvantages of a Hybrid Topology
• Expensive
 Summary notes on network topology

• Star – all computers are connected to a server or a hub

• Ring – all computers are connected in a continuous loop

• Bus – all computers are connected to a common channel

• Mesh- every workstation connected to all components of the network.

• Tree topology- it incorporates the elements of both a bus topology as well as a star

topology.

• Hybrid- two or more standard topologies are combined to form a complete network,

e.g.. star-bus,
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 NEXT CLASS
Chapter 4
Protocols

Rules & Network Protocols The OSI Model

Protocol suites & Industry Standards Comparing OSI Model with TCP/IP

Layered Models Model

The TCP/IP Model Overview of familiar Protocols

 Quiz 1
1. Describe/list all possible types of computer networks accordingly

2. List all possible LAN technologies

3. List and discuss basic computer network components?

4. The mesh topology will be combined with additional topologies to

create_______________ topology

5. ______________topology is also known as tree topology

 ANY
QUESTION ?

By : Fikadu Wake