Endogenic

Processes
and
Deformation of
the Crust
Geraldine Penaroyo

Kate Charlene Meneses

Charles Apostol

Kirsten Bustamnte
Key Words

• BATHOLITS – large emplacement of igneous intrusive rocks that forms from cooled
magma deep in the earth’s crust.
• CONTINENTAL SHELF – an undersea extension of a continent which can stretch for many
miles out of the sea.
• CONTINENTAL SLOPE – the edge of continental shelf.
• DIASTROPHISM – refers to deformation of the earth’s crust, more specially to folding and
faulting.
• DIVERGENT – a linear feature that exist between two tectonic plates that are moving
away from each other. These area may form at the end of the continents and eventually
may form oceans basins.
• FOLDING – a stack of originally flat surfaces that are bend or curve as a result of plastic
deformation.
• FRACTURE – the separation of an object or material into two, or more, pieces
under the action of stress.
• LAVA – a molten rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption.
• MAGMA – a molten rock containing crystals and gas bubbles that is found
beneath the surface of the earth.
 James Hutton

--- a Scottish geologist and known

as the “ Father of Modern Geology
“

---- logically concluded that the

Earth’s history could be interpreted
by tracing it backwards, from the
present to the past.
 Principle of Uniformity

– also called “ uniformitarianism”

– the present is the key to the past
– Means that the same geologic processes that are changing the rocks today were
the very same processes that changed them in the ancient times.
 Diastropism

– Process of deformation that changes the earth’s

surface.
– Produces many of the basic structures on the earth’s
surface such as plains, plateaus, and mountains.
– The movement of molten rocks beneath the earth is
responsible for the formation of volcanoes.
– Earthquakes are the result of the sudden release of
energy that comes from stress on rock beneath the
earth’s surface. Involved with shapes, arrangements,
and inter- relationships of different parts of the
earth’s crust and that forces that changes it.
Forces acting within the Earth’s crust

Compression
Tension
Shearing
COMPRESSION
--rocks are squeezed along the direction of the stress .
 TENSION
-- pulling the rocks apart.
 SHEARING
-- tending to cause lippage and translation within the
rock.
 SEAFLOOR SPREADING
• Seafloor spreading at Mid-Oceanic Ridge where the plates
on opposite sides of the rift valley are moving away from
each other. As the two plates spread, magma from the
asthenosphere oozes upward to fill the gap and form new
oceanic crust.
• The molten rock upwells from the earth’s mantle and
spreads laterally on both sides, adding new material to the
earth’s rigid crustal plates.