Measures of

DISPERSIO
N
Range, Standard Deviation, and Variance

Reporters

LYRIS ZINA L. GALOS

FERVIEMARK M. GABANAN
Math 203: Statistics
and Probability

Measures of
Dispersion of
Grouped Data
Range and Standard Deviation
Objectives
one Define the terms related to the measures
of dispersion

two Solve for the Range and the standard deviation

of a grouped data
 Measures of Dispersion

•extent to which numerical data varies

around an average value.

•provide insights into how homogeneous

or heterogeneous a dataset is;

•how squeezed or scattered the variable

is

Measures of Dispersion in Statistics (Definition & Types) (byjus.com)

 Why dispersion is important in Statistics?

helps understand the distribution of data:

•the consistency of distribution how it is

maintained, maintaining the data over the
central value or central tendency; and

•helps in making informed decisions.

Measures of Dispersion in Statistics; Types and Examples (knowledgehut.com)

 How to Calculate
Dispersion

One can use the following method to calculate the

dispersion:

• Range
• Standard deviation
• Variance
• Quartile deviation

Measures of Dispersion in Statistics; Types and Examples (knowledgehut.com)

 Range
 describes how similar a set of statistical
quantities are to each other.

 It is the difference between the highest and the

lowest value in a data set.

 Range is an absolute measure of dispersion

 simplest of all the measures of dispersion, but it

does not account for the variation within the
data.

Using Range as a Measure of Dispersion (sixsigmadsi.com)

 Range
 Range = Largest Value – Smallest Value

Using Range as a Measure of Dispersion (sixsigmadsi.com)

Range
Example 1:
Calculate the Range of Grouped Data Suppose we have the
following frequency distribution showing exam scores received by 40
students in a certain class:

Score Range Frequency Range:

50-60 10 Maximum Value- Minimum Value
= 90 – 50
61-70 15
Range = 40
71-80 12
81-90 3
 RANGE:
Advantages and Limitations

Advantages Limitations
• Range can be calculated • Range is not based on all the observations
easily. of the series.

• It takes into account only the most

• It is a simplest measure of extreme cases.
dispersion
• It helps us to make only a rough
comparison of two or more groups of
variability. .
Using Range as a Measure of Dispersion (sixsigmadsi.com)
 RANGE:
Advantages and Limitations

Limitations
• Range is not based on all the observations
Thus, when the numbers of data in the
of the series.
data set is small or when there are large
• It takes into account only the most enough gaps in the distribution, range is
extreme cases. unreliable.as measure of variability.

• It helps us to make only a rough

comparison of two or more groups of
variability.
.
Using Range as a Measure of Dispersion (sixsigmadsi.com)
 Range: Application

Range is widely used in

statistical process control such
as control charts of
manufactured products, daily
temperature, stock prices

Range: an Absolute Measure of Dispersion | Learn Basic Statistics (itfeature.com)

 Standard Deviation
 The standard deviation is a statistical
measure of the amount of variation or
dispersion of a set of values

 It indicates the average amount that a set

of numbers deviates from their mean. A
low standard deviation indicates that the
values tend to be close to the mean, while a
high standard deviation indicates that the
values are spread out over a wider range.

Standard deviation (math.net)

 Standard Deviation:
Formula
Population Standard Deviation

Sample Standard Deviation

Standard deviation (math.net)

Standard Deviation:
Formula
Population Standard Deviation
Sample Standard Deviation
Notations for Standard Deviation
•σ = Standard Deviation
• = frequency
•xi = midpoint
• = population mean (mu)
•x̄ = sample Mean
•n = Total number of Terms
Standard deviation (math.net)
 Standard Deviation:
When to use sample or population SD?

Population SD Sample SD
• Suppose a gym teacher • Suppose an inspector wants
wants to summarize the to summarize the mean and
mean and standard standard deviation of the
deviation of heights of weight of tires produced at
students in his class. a certain factory. He
When calculating the decides to collect a simple
standard deviation of random sample of 40 tires
height, should he use the from the factory and weighs
population or sample each of them.
Population vs. Sample Standard Deviation: When to Use Each - Statology
16
 Calculating Standard Deviation:
Step 1: Make the frequency distribution table with 6 columns. Write class and frequency f i in the first and
second columns, respectively.

Step 2: Find N = ∑ni=1 fi.

Step 3: Find the midpoint of each class. This is denoted by x i. It is the average of the upper-class limit and the
lower-class limit. Write xi in the 3rd column.

Step 4: Find product of frequency and mid-point (fixi ). Write those values in the 4th column.

Step 5: Find using the formula (1/N) ∑ni=1 fixi.

Step 6: Find square of deviation from the mean (xi –)2 and enter in the 5th column.

Step 7: Find fi(xi – )2 and enter in the 6th column.

Step 8: Find ∑fi(xi – x̄ )2.

Step
Standard 9: Find Formula
Deviation standard For
deviation usingand
Population the Sample
formula (byjus.com)
for population/ sample SD
Standard Deviation
Example 3:
Suppose an inspector wants to summarize the mean
and standard deviation of the weight of tires produced
at a certain factory. He decides to collect a simple
random sample of 40 tires from the factory and weighs
each of them.
Class fi
Sample Standard Deviation
51-60 10
41-50 5
31- 40 11
21-30 8
11-20 6
Example 3: Standard Deviation

Class fi xi f ix i ( )2 fi(xi – )2
51-60 10 55.5

41-50 5 45.5

31- 40 11 35.5

21-30 8 25.5

11-20 6 15.5

40

xi

x1

x1

How to Find Mean & Standard Deviation of Grouped Data (statology.org)

Example 3: Standard Deviation

Class fi xi f ix i ( )2 fi(xi – )2
51-60 10 55.5 555

41-50 5 45.5 227.5

31- 40 11 35.5 390.5

21-30 8 25.5 204

11-20 6 15.5 93

40 1470

fixi frequency x midpoint

= 10 x 55.5 1470

f1x1 = 555

How to Find Mean & Standard Deviation of Grouped Data (statology.org)

Example 3: Standard Deviation

Class fi xi f ix i ( )2 fi(xi – )2
51-60 10 55.5 555 18.75

41-50 5 45.5 227.5 8.75

31- 40 11 35.5 390.5 -1.25

21-30 8 25.5 204 -11.25

11-20 6 15.5 93 -21.25

40 1470

= 18.75

𝒙=𝟑𝟔. 𝟕𝟓

How to Find Mean & Standard Deviation of Grouped Data (statology.org)

Example 3: Standard Deviation

Class fi xi f ix i ( )2 fi(xi – )2
51-60 10 55.5 555 18.75 351.56

41-50 5 45.5 227.5 8.75 76.56

31- 40 11 35.5 390.5 -1.25 1.56

21-30 8 25.5 204 -11.25 126.56

11-20 6 15.5 93 -21.25 451.56

40 1470

How to Find Mean & Standard Deviation of Grouped Data (statology.org)

Example 3: Standard Deviation

Class fi xi f ix i ( )2 fi(xi – )2
51-60 10 55.5 555 18.75 351.56 3515.625

41-50 5 45.5 227.5 8.75 76.56 382.8

31- 40 11 35.5 390.5 -1.25 1.56 17.1875

21-30 8 25.5 204 -11.25 126.56 1012.5

11-20 6 15.5 93 -21.25 451.56 2709.375

40 1470 7637.4875

How to Find Mean & Standard Deviation of Grouped Data (statology.org)

Example 3: Standard Deviation

Class fi xi f ix i ( )2 fi(xi – )2
51-60 10 55.5 555 18.75 351.56 3515.625

41-50 5 45.5 227.5 8.75 76.56 382.8

31- 40 11 35.5 390.5 -1.25 1.56 17.1875

21-30 8 25.5 204 -11.25 126.56 1012.5

11-20 6 15.5 93 -21.25 451.56 2709.375

40 1470 7637.4875

Sample Standard Deviation

= 13.99

How to Find Mean & Standard Deviation of Grouped Data (statology.org)

“ Thank you!

”
Reported by: Lyris Zinah L. Galos
VARIANC
E
of Grouped Data
 OBJECTIVES
1. Define variance.
2. Differentiate variance from
standard deviation.
3. Solve for population and
sample variance.
What is Variance?
 The term variance refers to a statistical
measurement of the spread between numbers
in a data set.
 More specifically, variance measures how far
each number in the set is from
the mean (average), and thus from every other
number in the set.
 It measures the degree of dispersion of data
around the sample's mean.
 The square root of the variance is the standard
deviation.
 Variance is often depicted by this symbol: σ2
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/variance.asp
 Difference between Variance and Standard Deviation
Variance Standard Deviation
It can simply be defined as the It can simply be defined as the
numerical value, which describes observations that get measured are
how variable the observations are. measured through dispersion within
a data set.
Variance is nothing but the average Standard Deviation is defined as the
taken out of the squared deviations. root of the mean square deviation
Variance is expressed in Squared Standard deviation is expressed in
units. the same units of the data available.
It is mathematically denoted as (σ2) It is mathematically denoted as (σ)
Variance is a perfect indicator of the Standard deviation is the perfect
individuals spread out in a group. indicator of the observations in a
data set.

https://byjus.com/maths/difference-between-variance-and-standard-deviation/
 Steps in Calculating the Variance
 Step 1: Make the frequency distribution table with 7 columns. Write class interval and frequency in
the first and second columns, respectively.

 Step 2: Find .

 Step 3: Find the midpoint of each class. This is denoted by . It is the average of the upper-class limit
and the lower-class limit. Write in the 3rd column.

 Step 4: Find product of frequency and mid-point (). Write those values in the 4th column.

 Step 5: Find for population variance and using the formula .

 Step 6: Find square of deviation from the mean for population variance and for sample variance,
then enter in the 5th column.

 Step 7: Find for population variance and for sample variance, then enter in the 6th column.

 Step 8: Find for population variance and for sample variance.

 Step 9: Find variance using the formula for population or sample variance.

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/variance.asp
Population Variance

When you have collected data from every

member of the population that you’re
interested in, you can get an exact value for
population variance.

https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/variance/
 Population Variance

Notations for Standard Deviation

• = Variance
• = sum of
• = frequency
• = midpoint or midvalue of ith class
• = population mean (mu)
• = total number of observations (population size)

https://byjus.com/variance-formula/
Sample Variance

When you collect data from a sample, the

sample variance is used to make estimates or
inferences about the population variance.

https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/variance/
 Sample Variance

Notations for Standard Deviation

• = sample variance
• = sum of
• = frequency
• = midpoint or midvalue of ith class
• = sample mean
• = total number of observations (sample size)

https://byjus.com/variance-formula/
With samples, we use N – 1 in the formula because
using N would give us a biased estimate that
consistently underestimates variability. The sample
variance would tend to be lower than the real
variance of the population.

Reducing the sample n to N – 1 makes the variance

artificially large, giving you an unbiased estimate of
variability: it is better to overestimate rather than
underestimate variability in samples.
https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/variance/
 Example 1

The teacher have data on the test scores of 200 Grade 8 students of
Marcelo I. Cabrera Vocational High School, grouped into score
intervals, and he wants to calculate the variance for their test scores. He
decided to collect a simple random sample of 100 students from
different section
Test Score Range
50 - 59 12
60 - 69 28 Sample Variance
70 - 79 40
80 - 89 14
90 - 99 6
Step 1: Make the frequency distribution table with 6 columns. Write class interval and frequency in the first and second
columns, respectively.

Step 2: Find .

Class Interval
50 - 59 12
60 - 69 28
70 - 79 40
80 - 89 14
90 - 99 6
= 100
Step 3: Find the midpoint of each class. This is denoted by . It is the average of the upper-class limit and the lower-class limit.
Write in the 3rd column.

Class Interval
50 - 59 12 54.5
60 - 69 28 64.5
70 - 79 40 74.5
80 - 89 14 84.5
90 - 99 6 94.5
= 100
Step 4: Find product of frequency and mid-point (). Write those values in the 4th column.

Class Interval
50 - 59 12 54.5 654
60 - 69 28 64.5 1806
70 - 79 40 74.5 2980
80 - 89 14 84.5 1183
90 - 99 6 94.5 567
= 100
Step 5: Find for population variance and using the formula .

Class Interval
50 - 59 12 54.5 654
60 - 69 28 64.5 1806
70 - 79 40 74.5 2980
80 - 89 14 84.5 1183
90 - 99 6 94.5 567

𝚺𝐟 𝐢 𝐱 𝐢
= 100 = 7190

𝐱 𝐍
𝐱
=

𝐱
𝟕𝟏𝟗𝟎
=
𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 𝟕𝟏 . 𝟗
Step 6: Find square of deviation from the mean for population variance and for sample variance, then enter in the 5th
column.

Class Interval
50 - 59 12 54.5 654 -17.4 302.76
60 - 69 28 64.5 1806 -7.4 54.76
70 - 79 40 74.5 2980 2.6 6.76
80 - 89 14 84.5 1183 12.6 158.76
90 - 99 6 94.5 567 22.6 510.76
= 100 = 7190

𝐱 = 𝟕𝟏 . 𝟗
Step 7: Find for population variance and for sample variance, then enter in the 6th column.

Class Interval
50 - 59 12 54.5 654 -17.4 302.76 3633.12
60 - 69 28 64.5 1806 -7.4 54.76 1533.28
70 - 79 40 74.5 2980 2.6 6.76 270.4
80 - 89 14 84.5 1183 12.6 158.76 2222.64
90 - 99 6 94.5 567 22.6 510.76 3064.56
= 100 = 7190
Step 8: Find for population variance and for sample variance.

Class Interval
50 - 59 12 54.5 654 -17.4 302.76 3633.12
60 - 69 28 64.5 1806 -7.4 54.76 1533.28
70 - 79 40 74.5 2980 2.6 6.76 270.4
80 - 89 14 84.5 1183 12.6 158.76 2222.64
90 - 99 6 94.5 567 22.6 510.76 3064.56
= 100 = 7190 = 13194
Step 8: Find for population variance and for sample variance.

Class Interval
50 - 59 12 54.5 654 -17.4 302.76 3633.12
60 - 69 28 64.5 1806 -7.4 54.76 1533.28
70 - 79 40 74.5 2980 2.6 6.76 270.4
80 - 89 14 84.5 1183 12.6 158.76 2222.64
90 - 99 6 94.5 567 22.6 510.76 3064.56
= 100 = 7190 = 13194

∑ f i ( x i − ¿ x )2
s2 = i
¿
N − 1
2 13194
s =
99
2
s = 133.27
 Example 2

The teacher have data on the test scores of 200 Grade 8 students of
Marcelo I. Cabrera Vocational High School, grouped into score
intervals, and he wants to calculate the variance for their test scores.

Test Score Range

50 - 59 26
60 - 69 40 Population Variance
70 - 79 64
80 - 89 46
90 - 99 24
Step 1: Make the frequency distribution table with 6 columns. Write class interval and frequency in the first and second
columns, respectively.

Step 2: Find .

Class Interval
50 - 59 26
60 - 69 40
70 - 79 64
80 - 89 46
90 - 99 24
= 200
Step 3: Find the midpoint of each class. This is denoted by . It is the average of the upper-class limit and the lower-class limit.
Write in the 3rd column.

Class Interval
50 - 59 26 54.5
60 - 69 40 64.5
70 - 79 64 74.5
80 - 89 46 84.5
90 - 99 24 94.5
= 200
Step 4: Find product of frequency and mid-point (). Write those values in the 4th column.

Class Interval
50 - 59 26 54.5 1417
60 - 69 40 64.5 2580
70 - 79 64 74.5 4768
80 - 89 46 84.5 3887
90 - 99 24 94.5 2268
= 200
Step 5: Find for population variance and using the formula .

Class Interval
50 - 59 26 54.5 1417
60 - 69 40 64.5 2580
70 - 79 64 74.5 4768
80 - 89 46 84.5 3887
90 - 99 24 94.5 2268

𝚺𝐟 𝐢 𝐱 𝐢
= 200 = 14920

𝐱 =
𝐍
𝐱
𝐱
𝟏𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟎
=
𝟐𝟎𝟎
= 𝟕𝟒 . 𝟔
Step 6: Find square of deviation from the mean for population variance and for sample variance, then enter in the 5th
column.

Class Interval
50 - 59 26 54.5 1417 -20.1 404.01
60 - 69 40 64.5 2580 -10.1 102.01
70 - 79 64 74.5 4768 -0.1 0.01
80 - 89 46 84.5 3887 9.9 98.01
90 - 99 24 94.5 2268 19.9 396.01
= 200 = 14920

𝐱 = 𝟕𝟒 . 𝟔
Step 7: Find for population variance and for sample variance, then enter in the 6th column.

Class Interval
50 - 59 26 54.5 1417 -20.1 404.01 10504.26
60 - 69 40 64.5 2580 -10.1 102.01 4080.4
70 - 79 64 74.5 4768 -0.1 0.01 0.64
80 - 89 46 84.5 3887 9.9 98.01 4508.46
90 - 99 24 94.5 2268 19.9 396.01 9504.24
= 200 = 14920
Step 8: Find for population variance and for sample variance.

Class Interval
50 - 59 26 54.5 1417 -20.1 404.01 10504.26
60 - 69 40 64.5 2580 -10.1 102.01 4080.4
70 - 79 64 74.5 4768 -0.1 0.01 0.64
80 - 89 46 84.5 3887 9.9 98.01 4508.46
90 - 99 24 94.5 2268 19.9 396.01 9504.24
= 200 = 14920 = 28598
Step 8: Find for population variance and for sample variance.

Class Interval
50 - 59 26 54.5 1417 -20.1 404.01 10504.26
60 - 69 40 64.5 2580 -10.1 102.01 4080.4
70 - 79 64 74.5 4768 -0.1 0.01 0.64
80 - 89 46 84.5 3887 9.9 98.01 4508.46
90 - 99 24 94.5 2268 19.9 396.01 9504.24
= 200 = 14920 = 28598

∑ f i ( x i −¿ μ ) 2

2 i
σ = ¿
N
2 28598
σ =
200
2
σ = 142.99
 THANK YOU!

Reported by:
FERVIEMARK M. GABANAN