Department:

Course: INTRODUCTION TO
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
AND ETHICS UCK101E
Weeks: 1

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COURSE CONTENT
Introduction, Aeronautical Engineering
History of Flight in the World
Development of the aeronautics in Turkey, Current potential
Aircrafts and the main elements, Types of aircraft
Aerostatic, Atmosphere, Aerostatic lift
Forces on aircraft. Aerodynamic force and moment
Aircraft wings, Lift, drag and pitching moment
Tail surfaces, Command surfaces
Aircraft body, power plant, landing gears
Aircraft pressurization, climate and heating systems
Other air vehicles
Engineering ethics
Ethic code

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 Aeronautics= ‫للمالحة الجوية‬
Operates = ‫تعمل‬
Astronautically = ‫للمالحة الفضائية‬

What do we understand by the term Aerospace Engineering?

Aerospace engineering is the design of
aircrafts, spacecraft and their equipment
Aeronautics is the study or practice of all
aspects of flight through the air that operates
within Earth’s atmosphere. {Dictionary
Definition}

Astronautically engineering deals with

objects in space: this includes objects and
vehicles like satellites, shuttles and rocket
ships {Dictionary Definition}

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POLYGON TOOL
Aeronautical Engineering involves the following Aerodynamics, flight mechanics, propulsion, air- craft systems,
aircraft structures and aircraft design.
EARLY DEVELOPMENTS OF FLIGHT
All early thinking of human flight were
centered on the imitation of birds.
different inventors back then came up with
different kinds of winds like birds wings.
There inventions were met with disastrous
consequences in leaping from towers or
roofs, flapping vigorously.
An Example was the Greek myth of
Daedalus and his son Icarus. Imprisoned on
the island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea,
Daedalus is said to have made wings
fastened with wax. With these wings, they
both escaped by flying through the air.
However, Icarus, against his father’s
warnings, flew too close to the sun; the wax
melted, and Icarus fell to his death
in the sea.
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 As time pasted idea of strapping a pair of wings to arms fell out of favor. It was replaced by the concept of wings flapped up and
down by various mechanical mechanisms, powered by some type of human arm, leg, or body movement called
ORNITHOPTERS.

However, history showed that a man called Leonardo da Vinci himself was possessed by the idea of human flight and that he
designed vast numbers of ornithopters

Figure 1.1 An ornithopter design by Leonardo da Vinci, 1486-1490.

By the end of the 15th century da Vinci surviving manuscripts of more than 35,000 words and 500 sketches deal with flight was
discovered.
It should be NOTED that It was not known whether da Vinci ever built or tested any of his designs.

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The design and construction of the balloon was concieved by the Montgolfier brothers, Joseph and Etienne
In 1782 when Joseph Montgolfier, gazing into a fireplace, conceived the idea of using the “lifting power” of
hot air rising from a flame to lift a person from the surface of the earth

After several experimenting with bags made of

paper and linen, in which hot air from a fire
was trapped. There first breakthrough was
recorded 8-min voyage of a balloon carrying a
cage containing a sheep, a rooster, and a duck

Not until November 21, 1783 when the first

Figure 1.2 The first aerial voyage in history: The
Montgolfier hot balloon lifts from the ground near Paris
on November 21, 1783.
flight was recorded using a balloon or “aerostatic
machines,” carrying Pilatre de Rozier and the
Marquis d’Arlandes ascended into the air and
drifted for 25min across Paris.

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  At the end of 1910, a decision was made by the Ottoman High Command to send
officers to Europe to be trained as pilots; however due to the financial
difficulties faced the Empire at that time, this plan had to be postponed. Only a
handful of Turkish students residing in Paris attended flight schools and
obtained their certificates there.

 European nations were racing to strengthen their air forces. In June 1911,
he appointed Lt.Col. Süreyya Bey to procure balloons and aircraft, to
organize the training of pilots, and to coordinate the construction of
The first Ottoman plane, April 21, 1912 aviation facilities.
| İsa Akbaş collection  Eventually the Aviation Commission was established under
 The history of Turkish military aviation dates back to the umbrella of the Scientific Research Unit of the Ottoman
1909 when French aviators were invited to Istanbul to Ministry of War.
perform demonstrations and the Ottoman High  Eight years after the successful flight of Wright Brothers,
Command began with studies in this field.
Turkey took its place among its peers, the United States,
 On December 2 the same year, Turkish skies welcomed the Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Austria and Russia in the
first ever aircraft, when, upon the invitation of the Minister field of aviation.
of War, Mahmut Şevket Pasha, a Belgian pilot named Baron
de Catters came to Istanbul and performed an exhibition
flight with his Voisin biplane.

Turkish aviators

Sources; http://turkeyswar.com/aviation/development-of-turkish-aviation/ gelisimedu igugelisim

 Pioneers of Turkish aviation
 Cpt. Fesa Bey and Lt. Yusuf Kenan Bey have successfull completed  the Ottoman Army had 17 aircraft and 18
their training in France in March 1912. pilots (Fesa and Yusuf Kenan trained at Bleriot
 They flew over Istanbul on April 27, 1912, becoming the first Turkish Flight School; Salim, Fevzi, Nuri, Refik, Mithat,
aviators to fly over their home soil. Şükrü, Salim and Cemal trained at REP Flight
School; Fethi, Aziz, Saffet, Fazıl, Abdullah,
Sabri and Mehmet Ali trained at Bristol Flight
School).
 The first balloon acquired by the
Ottoman Army, the Parseval PL-9 was
sent aloft in Yeşilköy on July 23, 1913.
A crew of German and Turkish officers
Inaugural flight of the Parseval balloon |
and engineers manned the balloon,
Flight trainees at the school in Yeşilköy | Dilara General Fevzioğlu collection which managed to reach an altitude of
Yeşilköy Air Museum 300 meters.

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 Gaining = ‫كسب‬

AIRCRAFT
An aircraft is a vehicle or machine that is able to fly by gaining
support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either
static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil or in a few cases
the downward thrust from jet engines. Common examples of
aircraft include airplanes, helicopters, airshp (including blimbs),
gliders paramotors, and hot air balloon.
The human activity that surrounds aircraft is called aviation. The
science of aviation, including designing and building aircraft, is
called aeronautics. Crewed aircraft are flown by an onboard pilot,
but unmanned aerial vehicles may be remotely controlled or self-
controlled by onboard computers. Aircraft may be classified by
different criteria, such as lift type, aircraft propulsion, usage and
others.

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EVOLUTION
Flying model craft and stories of manned flight go back many centuries;
however, the first manned ascent — and safe descent — in modern
times took place by larger hot-air balloons developed in the 18th
century. Each of the two World Wars led to great technical advances.
Consequently, the history of aircraft can be divided into five eras:
Pioneers of flight, from the earliest experiments to 1914.
First World War, 1914 to 1918.
Aviation between the World Wars, 1918 to 1939.
Second World War, 1939 to 1945.
Postwar era, also called the Jet Age, 1945 to the present day.

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Types of aircraft
There are a number of ways to identify aircraft by type. The primary distinction is
between those that are lighter than air and those that are heavier than air.
Lighter-than-air
Aircraft such as balloons, nonrigid airships, and dirigibles are designed to
contain within their structure a sufficient volume that, when filled with a gas
lighter than air (heated air, hydrogen, or helium), displaces the surrounding
ambient air and floats, just as a cork does on the water Most airships built
since the 1960s have used helium, though some have used hot air.

Balloons are not steerable and drift with the wind. Nonrigid airships, which
have enjoyed a rebirth of use and interest, do not have a rigid structure but
have a defined aerodynamic shape, which contains cells filled with the lifting
agent. They have a source of propulsion and can be controlled in all three axes
of flight.

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 Method of Lift
A balloon was originally any aerostat, while the term airship was used for
large, powered aircraft designs usually fixed-wing. In 1919, Frederick
Handley Page was reported as referring to "ships of the air," with smaller
passenger types as "Air yachts. In the 1930s, large intercontinental flying
boats were also sometimes referred to as "ships of the air" or "flying-ships"
though none had yet been built. The advent of powered balloons, called
dirigible balloons, and later of rigid hulls allowing a great increase in size,
began to change the way these words were used. Huge powered
aerostats, characterized by a rigid outer framework and separate
aerodynamic skin surrounding the gas bags, were produced, the Zeppelins
being the largest and most famous.

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Heavier-than-air
This type of aircraft must have a power source to provide the thrust necessary
to obtain lift. Simple heavier-than-air craft include kites. These are usually a
flat-surfaced structure, often with a stabilizing “tail,” attached by a bridle to a
string that is held in place on the ground. Lift is provided by the reaction of
the string-restrained surface to the wind.

Another type of unmanned aircraft is the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV),

commonly called drones or sometimes remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs). These
aircraft are radio-controlled from the air or the ground and are used for
scientific and military purposes. Unpowered manned heavier-than-air vehicles
must be launched to obtain lift. These include hang gliders, gliders, and
sailplanes UAV Aircraft

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Method of Lift
Heavier-than-air aircraft, such as airplanes, must find some way to push air or
gas downwards so that a reaction occurs (by Newton's laws of motion) to push
the aircraft upwards. This dynamic movement through the air is the origin of the
term. There are two ways to produce dynamic upthrust aerodynamic lift,
and powered lift in the form of engine thrust.
Aerodynamic lift involving wings is the most common, with fixed-wing
aircraft being kept in the air by the forward movement of wings,
and rotorcraft by spinning wing-shaped rotors sometimes called "rotary wings."
A wing is a flat, horizontal surface, usually shaped in cross-section as an aerofoil.
To fly, air must flow over the wing and generate lift. A flexible wing is a wing
made of fabric or thin sheet material, often stretched over a rigid frame. A kite is
tethered to the ground and relies on the speed of the wind over its wings, which
may be flexible or rigid, fixed, or rotary. UAV Aircraft

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AIRCRAFT PART FUNCTION

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 AIRCRAFT PART FUNCTION
Aileron Trim: To roll left & right a little.
Anti-Collision Warning Beacon: A red light to warn other aircraft and help prevent mid-air collisions.
Aileron: To roll left & right.
A.P.U. Exhaust: This is the exhaust pipe for the A.P.U. (Auxiliary Power Unit). The A.P.U. is an engine in the tail of the
aircraft. It is used only on the ground. It generates electrical power for the aircraft and is used to start the jet engines.
Cockpit / Flight Deck: In this room, pilots aviate, communicate, and navigate.
Elevator Trim: To pitch up & down a little.
Engine Cowling: The main cover or housing of the engine.
Engine Mounting: Used to fix the engine to the wing.
Flap: To increase lift during take-off and landing. Pilots extend the flaps to increase the wing's area. This increases the lift.

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 AIRCRAFT PART FUNCTION
Fuselage: The body or structure of the aircraft.
Horizontal Stabiliser: Stabilises the aircraft around the lateral axis.
Landing Gear: Pilots extend or retract the landing gear (wheels) during take-off and landing.
Main Elevator: To pitch up & down.
Main Rudder: To yaw (turn) left & right.
Nose Gear: The front wheels of the aircraft. Aircraft also have MAIN GEAR (wheels under the aircraft's wings) and sometimes
BODY GEAR (wheels under the aircraft's body).
Propeller: Gives an aircraft thrust or power.
Pylons: Used to stabilise the air flow behind the wing. Without pylons, the air is unstable. This makes drag, and reduces the
aircraft's speed and performance.
Radome: The aircraft's radar is inside the radome or nose of the aircraft.
Rudder Trim: To yaw left & right a little.
Speed Brakes / Air Brakes: Used to slow the plane in the air and while landing.

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 AIRCRAFT PART FUNCTION
Spoilers: Used to destroy lift and keep the plane on the ground. This is important while landing. Without spoilers, the plane
bounces on the runway. This can damage the landing gear. Some pilots prefer hard landings to help prevent bounce.
Stabiliser Trim: To increase the angle of attack (A.O.A.). Basically, the angle of attack is the angle the wing hits the air.
Trailing Edge: Back section of the wing.
Vertical Stabiliser: Stabilises the aircraft around the vertical axis.
Vortex Generator: Used to create lift in areas of the wing that have no or very little lift, for example, next to the engine
mounting.
Winglet: Used to reduce the vortex at the end of the wing. A vortex is unstable circular air. It makes drag, and reduces the
aircraft's speed and performance.
Wing Tip: The end or tip of the wing.

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THE ELLIPSE TOOL

 An aerostat (from Greek ἀήρ aer (air) + στατός statos (standing),  Aerostats are so named because they
through French) is a lighter-than-air aircraft that gains its lift through use aerostatic lift which is a buoyant force
the use of a buoyant gas. that does not require movement through
 Aerostats include unpowered balloons and powered airships. A the surrounding air mass, resulting
balloon may be free-flying or tethered. in VTOL ability.
 The average density of the craft is lower than the density of
atmospheric air, because its main component is one or more
gasbags, a lightweight skin containing a lifting gas (including heated  Example of aerostat are Balloons,
air as well as gases that have a lower density than air) to Airships and Hybrid Aerostats
provide buoyancy, to which other components such as a gondola
containing equipment or people are attached.

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Balloons
 Perhaps the simplest form of aerostat, a balloon is an unpowered aerostat with
no capability for propulsion. Due to the lack of control, balloons drift freely and
must be tethered in some way during storage.
 Notable uses of balloons in modern aviation include weather balloons for
meteorology and sport balloons for recreation. Balloons also see occasional use
for surveillance.
Airship
 An airship or dirigible balloon is a type of aerostat or lighter-than-air aircraft
that can navigate through the air under it power. Aerostats gain their lift from
a lifting gas that is less dense than the surrounding air.
 An airship is a powered, free-flying aerostat that can be steered. Airships
divide into rigid, semi-rigid and non-rigid types, with these last often known
as blimps.
 A semi-rigid airship has a deflatable gas bag like a non-rigid but with a
supporting structure to help it hold its shape while aloft. The first

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Example

Hybrid aerostats
 Hybrid aerostats utilize both buoyancy and dynamic
propulsion to generate lift.
 The dynamic movement may be created either using
propulsive power as a hybrid airship or by tethering in
the wind like a kite a Helikiteor kytoon.
 This is a combination of a helium balloon and a kite to
form a single, aerodynamically sound tethered aircraft,
that exploits both wind and helium for its lift.
 Some are considered the most stable, energy and cost-
efficient aerostats available.

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Altitude = ‫االرتفاع‬

Atmosphere

 The layer of the Earths atmosphere is the layer in which

aircraft fly is the troposphere, the layer closest to the
Earth, although within this layer, each type of aircraft uses
a different altitude depending on its needs.
 The air in the earth’s atmosphere is composed mostly of
nitrogen and oxygen. Air is considered a fluid because it
fits the definition of a substance that has the ability to
flow or assume the shape of the container in which it is
enclosed.
 If the container is heated, pressure increases; if cooled,
the pressure decreases.
 The weight of air is heaviest at sea level where it has been
compressed by all of the air above. This compression of
air is called atmospheric pressure.

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 Aircrafts typically fly at higher altitudes because air gets thinner as planes ascend higher into the sky, translating in
less drag. That means at higher altitudes planes can fly faster and use considerably less fuel. The "preferred
region” in the airline industry usually begins at 35,000 feet and ends at 42,000 feet.

 Operating at very high altitudes means that the amount of oxygen becomes very low for proper combustion in the
engines.
 Traveling at low altitudes, on the other hand, means that the plane is met by higher air resistance. It is essential to note
that particular models of aircraft have various optimal altitudes in which they fly.
 For example, the Concorde was known at heights of between 50,000 and 60,000 feet, and a region where commercial
planes regularly do not fly.
 Traveling at high altitudes also means that airplanes can avoid bad weather that is typically found in the lower regions
of the atmosphere. It is not uncommon to see bluebird sky from the window seat and later descend to the airport to
find different weather conditions.
 The majority of weather phenomenon on the planet occurs in the troposphere, which is the lowest layer of the
atmosphere. It extends up to about 36,000 feet.

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 Laws Of Safe Flying Altitudes
 Around the world, numerous regulations govern low safe altitudes in which aircraft can travel. The laws mainly apply to
light aircraft as opposed to airliners. Generally, it is considered unlawful to fly below 1,000 feet in an area with buildings
and 500 feet above any vehicle, person, or structure. Such laws ensure the safety of aircraft, people, and property on
the ground. The regulations are also put in place due to environmental concerns.
 Pilots have to ensure that their aircraft is high enough to allow them to clear a congested area when the airplane
experiences engine failure. The regulations, however, do not affect take-offs and landings as governed by flight paths.
Pilots are also advised against flying too high as engines may struggle due to low oxygen levels at extremely high
altitudes.
The Aerodynamic Forces and Moments
 The aerodynamic forces and moments depend on the shape and dimensions of a body, the speed of its translational m
otion, its orientation to the direction of the velocity, the properties and the state of the medium in which the motion ta
kes place, and in some cases on the angular rotational velocities and the acceleration of the body’s motion.
 The determination of aerodynamic forces and moments for bodies of different shapes under all possible flight modes is
one of the principal problems of aerodynamics and of aerodynamic experiments.

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The forces of pressure and friction acting on the surface of the body can b
e reduced to a resultant R of these forces, called the aerodynamic force, a
nd a pair of forces having a moment M, which is called the aerodynamic
moment. The aerodynamic force is resolved into components in a rectang
ular coordinate system which is associated with either the vector

The aerodynamic moment plays an important part in the aerodynamic design

of aircraft and in determining their stability and controllability, and it is usually
given in the form of three components, which are the projections on the coord
inate axes associated with the body (Figure 2): L (rolling moment), N (yawing
moment), and M (pitching moment). The values are positive when they tend t
o turn the body from the y-axis to the z-axis, from the z-axis to the jt-
axis, and from the x-axis to the y-axis

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ARC TOOL

What is Lift, Drag, and Pitch?

The ability of an airplane to be able to launch into the sky and keep
floating is an incredible engineering achievement. In order to
understand how airplanes launch and keep flying, we need to
understand three important concepts, which are lift, drag, and pitch.

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ARC TOOL

How Do Airfoils Generate Lift?

The simplest way to understand lift generation is through an

example of an airplane. Consider the following figure:

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ARC TOOL

Lift
Lift is the component of the total force vector that works through the center of pressure of an object and is perpendicular to
the incoming flow. For a zero angle of attack, it acts opposite to the weight (see Figure 1). Lift is a mechanical force that is
produced by the movement of an object through the air. Therefore, it has a magnitude and direction.

Drag
Drag is the component of the total force vector that works through the center of pressure of an object and acts parallel to the
direction of the incoming flow. For a zero angle of attack, it acts opposite to the thrust of the airplane (see Figure 1).

Pitch
Pitch is an up and down movement of the nose of an aircraft about an axis. This motion will heavily influence the lift
generated by the wings of the airplane.

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How Does a Pilot Control an Airplane? (Tail surfaces control)

Moveable surfaces on an airplane’s wings and tail allow a pilot to

maneuver an airplane and control its attitude or orientation.
These control surfaces work on the same principle as lift on a wing.
They create a difference in air pressure to produce a force on the
airplane in a desired direction

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How Does a Pilot Control an Airplane? (Command surfaces control)

There are three types of movement of an aircraft: pitch, yaw and roll.
Roll is controlled by the ailerons and rotates the airplane. Yaw turns
the airplane and is controlled by the rudder. Finally, pitch is controlled
by the elevator and changes the altitude of the airplane.

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DRAWING TANGENTS TO TWO CIRCLES

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THE USER COORDINATE SYSTEM (UCS)

Landing gear is the undercarriage of an aircraft or spacecraft that is

used for takeoff or landing. For aircraft it is generally needed for both.
It was also formerly called alighting gear by some manufacturers

Power Plant
Gas turbine engine is power plant of an aircraft industry. Also used in oil
and gas industrial technology. It consist of compressor combustion
turbine.

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Aircraft Pressurization
The pressurization of an aircraft to allow high altitude operations due to loss in pressure and protecting
occupants against the effects of hypoxiaIn a typical pressurization system, the cabin, flight compartment, and
baggage compartments are incorporated into a sealed unit capable of containing air under a pressure higher than
outside atmospheric pressure

Climate and heating systems

A heating and ventilating system, for use in aircraft, which provides a constant flow of air to the aircraft cabin is
described. Ambient air is mixed with bleed air from the compressor stage of a turbine engine. The mixture of
ambient and bleed air is propelled into the aircraft cabin by blower. Prior to entering the cabin the mixed air may
pass through a water and particle separator. A suitable control system is provided which maintains a pre-selected
temperature by varying the amount of bleed air introduced into the system

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Other air Vehicles

Airplanes. Also known as aircraft, airplanes

Helicopters.
Hot air balloons
Blimps
Gliders

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Engineering Ethics
Electrical Engineering is a type of engineering profession that deals with the creation of better electronics.
Since our society is heading towards an era of technology, where all members of society will be affected,
it is especially important for electrical engineers to follow a code of engineering ethics. For electrical
engineers, an important set of guidelines is the Electrical Engineering Code of Ethics, published by IEEE

Problem Solving in Engineering Ethics

Every engineer will find himself in a conflicting position. For example, consider the case of a biomedical
engineer engineering a potentially working artificial kidney. When he was on the clinical trial phase, he
needs to decide whether to proceed with testing on humans. If he proceeds, and the device fails, a
human test subject could die. If he succeeds, he will be saving the lives of the thousands of people who
need kidneys in the future

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What Is a Code of Ethics?
A code of ethics is a guide of principles designed to help professionals conduct business
honestly and with integrity. A code of ethics document may outline the mission and
values of the business or organization, how professionals are supposed to approach
problems, the ethical principles based on the organization's core values, and the
standards to which the professional is held.

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THE ELLIPSE TOOL
In 1903, only the first airplane was launched 6 years after the
first aircraft was launched in 1909, and the Turkish Air Force
was founded on June 1, 1911 in Yesilkoy by Prime Minister
Mahmut Şevket Paşa (HKK, 2017).
With the support of Ataturk, her spiritual daughter Sabiha
Gokcen became the world's first female war pilot and Turkey's
first woman pilot. Istanbul’s second airport, Istanbul Sabiha
Gokcen International Airport, has received the name from
Sabiha Gokcen (Cenk AKSOY1 and Ömer Osman DURSUN,
2018).
With the establishment of the Turkish Republic Mustafa Kemal
Ataturk, the founder of the republic, said to the Turkish nation
"The future is in the skies" and pioneered the steps that would
encourage the development of Turkish aviation.
The establishment of the Turkish Tayyare Association in the
years after the declaration of the Republic can be regarded as
the first initiative on air transport in Turkey. This was followed
by the establishment of Turkish airmail in the 1930s and a fleet
consisting of a total of 10 flights was established in the 10th
year of the Republic (Barutçugil, 1986: 105).
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