Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nomenclature in Organic Compounds
Nomenclature in Organic Compounds
Organic Compounds
1
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Functional Groupings of Organic Compounds
alkadienes, etc.
cycloalkadienes, etc.
Huckel rule
2
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Functional Grouping
• Organic compounds can be grouped according
to the functional group they possess.
• A functional group is the characteristic reaction
unit of an organic compound.
Examples include:
R-OH – alcohol R-COOH –Carboxylic acid
R-O-R – ether O O
R-NH2 – amine R-C-H; R-C-R
Alkanal; Alkanone
3
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Nomenclature of
Alkanes
IUPAC Conventions
4
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Alkanes (CnH2n+2)
Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only
C – C and C – H single bonds(except CH4)
Relatively inert as the bonds are strong
saturated hydrocarbons
contain the maximum possible number
of hydrogen atoms per molecule
Cycloalkanes are alkanes in which all or
some of the carbon atoms are arranged in a
5
ring
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Straight-Chain Alkanes
Number of Condensed
Name
carbon atoms structural formula
CH4
Methane 1
CH3CH3
Ethane 2
Propane 3 CH3CH2CH3
Butane 4 CH3(CH2)2CH3
Pentane 5 CH3(CH2)3CH3
Hexane 6 CH3(CH2)4CH3
Heptane 7 CH3(CH2)5CH3
Octane 8 CH3(CH2)6CH3
Nonane 9 CH3(CH2)7CH3
6 Decane 10
CH3(CH2)8CH3
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
The First Three Members of Alkanes
7
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Cycloalkanes in skeletal forms
H2
C CH3
H3C C
H2
CH3
CH
H3C CH3
9
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
C5H12
H2 H2
C C
H3C C CH3
H2
CH3
CH CH3
H3C C
H2
CH3
C
H3C CH3
CH3
10
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
C6H14
11
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Rules for Naming Branched-Chain Alkanes
C2H5 – ethyl
12
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
C 3 H7 –
H2
C propyl
H3C C
H2
H3C
CH isopropyl
H3C
13
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
C 4 H9 –
H3C
H2 H2 CH
sec-butyl
C C
H3C C
H2 H2C secondary, 2
carbon
butyl CH3
H3C
H3C tert-butyl
CH C
H2 H3C C
H3C tertiary, 3
H3C
carbon
isobutyl
14
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
3. Number the positions of the substituent
groups with the smallest possible numbers
2-methyl
2-methylbutane
15
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
4. If more than one substituent group of the
same kind exist, the numbers are denoted
by prefixes.
2 di
3 tri
4 tetra
5 penta
6 hexa
16
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
2
tetramethyl
tetramethylmethane propane
2,2-dimethylpropane
17
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Cl
Cl
1 5
Cl
1,5,5-trichloro
1,5,5-trichlorohexane
18
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Cl
Cl
6 2
1 5
Cl
1,5,5-trichloro
2,2,6-trichloro
‘Lowest numbers’ does NOT refer to the
smallest sum
19
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
5. If two or more different substituent groups
exist, they are named in alphabetical order
but NOT in numerical order of their positions.
2,2-dimethyl
3-ethyl
3 3-ethyl-2,2-dimethylpentane
2
prefix is not
considered
20
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
3
tert-butyl
3-ethyl-2,2-dimethylpentane
3-tert-butylpentane
21
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Naming Alkenes (CnH2n)
22
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
First member is ethene (ethylene)
Cyclic structures are possible
cyclopropene cyclobutene
cyclopentene cyclohexene
23
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
1 pent-1-ene
2
pent-2-ene
24
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
GeometricalIsomerism
Geometrical Isomerism
25
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Both substituent groups are
on the same side w.r.t. the
axis of the C=C double bond
trans (2E)-pent-2-ene
GeometricalIsomerism
Geometrical Isomerism
cis
(2Z)-pent-2-ene
27
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
E/Z notation
If there are three or four different groups
attached to the C atoms of C=C double bond
E/Z notation rather than the cis/trans
notation is used to name the stereoisomers
of a molecule.
E : in opposition to trans
Z : together cis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahn-Ingold-Prelog_priority_rule
28
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
CH3
2 3
(2Z)-3-methylpent-2-ene
1
H3C CH3
CH3
2 3
(2E)-3-methylpent-2-ene
1
H3C CH3
29
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
2-methylbut-1-ene
1 2
2-methylbut-2-ene
2
3-methylbut-1-ene
3 1
Functional group has a higher priority than
branches
30
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
cyclopentane
methylcyclobutane
31
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
1,2-dimethylcyclopropane
ethylcyclopropane
1,1-dimethylcyclopropane
32
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Naming Alkynes (CnH2n-2)
33
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
C atoms in triple bond are sp hybridized
Linear
Cyclic structures are highly unstable
due to great angle strain
34
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
In naming alkenes and alkynes,
the ‘longest’ carbon chain need NOT be the
one that contains the multiple bond.
2-ethylpent-1-ene
35
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
In naming alkenes and alkynes,
the ‘longest’ carbon chain need NOT be the
one that contains the multiple bond.
1
3
3-methylenehexane
36
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.5(a)
2
5
(2E)-5-methylhex-2-ene
37
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.5(b
)
1
3
(3E)-penta-1,3-diene
38
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.5(c)
1 5
4 2
2 4
5 3 1 3
39
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.5(c
1
)
3
(3E)-pent-3-en-1-yne
NOT ene
40
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.5(d
)
1 5
4 3
5 1 4
2 2 3
41
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.5(d)
1
4 3
5
2
pent-1-en-3-yne
NOT ene
42
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.5(e)
1
4 4
1
pent-4-en-1-yne
pent-1-en-4-yne
If the same set of numbers is obtained by
counting in either direction, the number is
assigned in alphabetical order. Refer to 5(i)
43
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
In naming hydrocarbons, cyclic structures
always have higher priority than C=C, CC.
ethenylcyclohexane ethynylcyclohexane
44
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Also, cyclic structure rather than the length
of the carbon chain is first considered.
heptylcyclohexane
45
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
1
3
but-3-en-1-ylcyclohexane
46
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
1
2
but-1-en-2-ylcyclohexane
3
2
but-3-en-2-ylcyclohexane
1-ethyl
2
1 2-methyl
1-ethyl-2-methylcyclohexane
48
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
In naming cyclic hydrocarbons, the side
branches are numbered in alphabetical order.
2 1-methyl
1
2 2-(propan-2-yl)
1-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexane
49
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
In naming cyclic hydrocarbons, the side
branches are numbered in alphabetical order.
1-butan-2-yl
2
1 2-methyl
1-(butan-2-yl)-2-methylcyclohexane
50
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.6
propan-2-ylcyclopropane
1,2-dimethyl-3-(propan-2-yl)cyclopropane
51
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.6 3
1 2
prop-1-en-1-yl
(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)
(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)cyclobutane
52
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.6
1-methylcyclobutene
2-methylcyclobutene
53
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.6
3 2
3-methylcyclobutene
4 1
4-methylcyclobutene
54
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.6
3 2
3-methylcyclobutene
2 1
3 4
55
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
(d) Aromatic hydrocarbons
56
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
(d) Aromatic hydrocarbons
57
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
2. Hydroxy compounds
58
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
(a) Alkanols (alcohols)
R – OH
Alkyl group Hydroxyl group
59
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
(a) Alkanols (alcohols)
H replaced H replaced
by OH by R
RH ROH HOH
60
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
(a) Alkanols (alcohols)
R C OH R C OH R C OH
H R' R'
62
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
5 1
4 3 2
OH
pentane
pentan-2-ol
63
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
OH
5 1
4 3 2
pentane
pentan-3-ol
64
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
1 5
2 3 4
OH OH
pentane
pentane-2,4-diol
Ar – OH
Aryl group Hydroxyl group
66
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
OH OH
1 OH
phenol 2-hydroxyphenol
Benzene-1,2-diol
67
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
OH OH OH
1 Cl 1 1
2
3
Cl 4
Cl
68
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.8
1
2
4 4-methylhexan-2-ol
OH
6
1
5 4 2 4-methylpentan-2-ol
OH
69
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.8 trans-
5 1
3 2
4
OH
70
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.8 Propan-2-yl
2
Menthol
( 薄荷 OH cyclohexanol
醇)
with
TWO branches
methyl
71
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.8
menthol
2 OH 6 OH
3 1 5 1
4 6 4 2
5 3
2,5 > 3,6
5-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexanol
72
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
3. Ethers
Contain the oxy, –O-, group or
alkoxy, R-O- group
O oxy group
73
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
3. Ethers
Contain the oxy, –O-, group or
alkoxy, R-O- group
O Alkoxy group
74
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
3. Ethers
Alkyl derivatives of water
H 2H replaced R
by 2R
O O
H R
75
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
3. Ethers
Three classes of ethers : -
R Ar Ar H
a O b O c O o O
105
'R R 'Ar H
77
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.9
O
methoxy
ethane
methoxyethane
78
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.9
methane
ethoxy
ethoxymethane
79
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.9
O
benzene
methoxy
methoxybenzene
80
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.9
O
phenoxy
methane
phenoxymethane
81
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.9
1
2
3 O methoxy
propane
2-methoxypropane
82
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
4. Carbonyl compounds
Organic compounds with the carbonyl group,
C O
83
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
4. Carbonyl compounds
(a) Aldehydes
Products of dehydrogenation of alcohols
H
R
R C O H C O + H2
H
H
O O O
H
H H H H
85
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
(a) Aldehydes
Examples : - propan-1-al O
O O O
H
H H H H
C O
87
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
(b) Ketones
Examples : -
O O
propanone butanone
–ane replaced by –anone
88
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
(b) Ketones
Examples : -
O
3
2
O
pentan-2-one pentan-3-one
89
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
(b) Ketones
Examples : -
O O
4 2 2 3
4-methylpentan-2-one
2-methylpentan-3-one
90
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
(b) Ketones
Examples : -
O O O
3 2 4 2
O
pentane-2,4-dione
pentane-2,3-dione
91
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
5. Carboxylic acids
Organic compounds with the carboxyl group,
O
OH
92
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
5. Carboxylic acids
Organic compounds with the carboxyl group,
O
carbonyl
C
carboxyl
OH hydroxyl
93
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
5. Carboxylic acids
Organic compounds with the carboxyl group,
O
R C R : alkyl, aryl or H
OH
If R is an alkyl group, the compound is an
alkanoic acid, CnH2n+1COOH.
94
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Carboxylic acids
Examples : -
O O O
OH OH OH
methanoic acid ethanoic acid propanoic acid
95
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Carboxylic acids
Examples : -
O O O
OH OH OH
methanoic acid ethanoic acid propanoic acid
1 OH
1
2
3
97
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Carboxylic acids
Examples : - cyclohexanecarboxylic
acid COOH
COOH COOH
hexanedioic acid
99
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Carboxylic acids
Examples : -
HOOC
6 1
COOH
hexanedioic acid
hexane-1,6-dioic acid
100
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Carboxylic acids
Examples : -
1
HOOC
4
COOH
hexanedioic acid
hexane-1,6-dioic acid
hexane-1,4-dioic acid
101
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
6. Acids derivatives
FOUR types : - acyl group
O O
OH replaced by Cl
R C R C
OH Cl
102
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
6. Acids derivatives
FOUR types : - acid anhydride
O
O
R C
R C
O H
H2O
O
OH
'R C
'R C
R R’ for mixed acid O
O
anhydride
103
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
6. Acids derivatives
FOUR types : -
O O
H2O
R C + HO R' R C
O H O R'
ester
R : alkyl, aryl or H
R’ : alkyl or aryl
104
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
6. Acids derivatives
FOUR types : -
O O
H2O
R C + H NH2 R C
OH NH2
1° amide
N links to only ONE C
105
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
6. Acids derivatives
FOUR types : -
O O
H2O
R C + H NH R C
OH R' HN R'
1o amine
2°
amide
N links to TWO C atoms
106
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
6. Acids derivatives
FOUR types : -
O
O R''
H2O R C
R C + H N
N R'
OH R'
''R
2 amine
o
3° amide
N links to THREE C atoms
107
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Naming of acids derivatives
Acyl chloride : oic acid to oyl chloride
O
ethanoyl chloride
Or
Cl
acetyl chloride
108
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Naming of acids derivatives
Acyl chloride : oic acid to oyl chloride
O
ethanoyl chloride
Cl
spacing
109
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Naming of acids derivatives
Acid anhydride : oic acid to oic anhydride
O
O ethanoic anhydride
spacing
O
110
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Naming of acids derivatives
Acid anhydride : oic acid to oic anhydride
O
ethanoic propanoic
anhydride
O
For mixed anhydride, the
parent acids are named in
alphabetical order
O
111
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Naming of acids derivatives
Ester : oic acid to oate preceded by R
group of ROH
O methyl ethanoate
O spacing
112
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Naming of acids derivatives
Ester : oic acid to oate preceded by R
group of ROH
O ethyl propanoate
113
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Naming of acids derivatives
Ester : oic acid to oate preceded by R
group of ROH
O ethyl propenoate
Or, ethyl acrylate
O
114
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Naming of acids derivatives
Ester : oic acid to oate preceded by R
group of ROH
O ethyl 2-methylpropenoate
2 1
Or
O ethyl 2-methylacrylate
115
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Naming of acids derivatives
Amides : oic acid to amide
O
ethanamide
NH2
116
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Naming of acids derivatives
Amides : oic acid to amide
O Or, N-methylacetamide
N-methyl ethanamide
HN
NO spacing
117
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Naming of acids derivatives
Amides : oic acid to amide
O
N,N-dimethylethanamide
118
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Naming of acids derivatives
Amides : oic acid to amide
O
N-ethyl-N-methylethanamide
N
Or
N-ethyl-N-methylacetamide
119
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
7. Halogeno hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons containing at least one
halogen atom
R–X
X : halogens
120
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
7. Halogeno hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons containing at least one
halogen atom
-F fluoro
-Cl chloro Always treated as
substituents
-Br bromo (shown by
-I iodo prefixes)
121
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
7. Halogeno hydrocarbons
Examples : -
H H
H C Br H C Br
H Br
bromomethane dibromomethane
122
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
7. Halogeno hydrocarbons
Examples : -
F
BTM
F C Br bromotrifluoromethane
F Both are used in
fire extinguishers
Br
Cl C F bromochlorodifluoromethane
BCF
F
123
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
7. Halogeno hydrocarbons
Examples : -
Br Br
Br
bromobenzene 1,2-dibromobenzene
124
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
7. Halogeno hydrocarbons
Examples : -
Br Br
1 4
4 1
Cl Cl
1-bromo-4-chlorobenzene 4-bromo-1-chlorobenzene
125
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
7. Halogeno hydrocarbons
Examples : -
Br Br
1 Cl
2 Cl
2 1
4 5
Cl Cl
1-bromo-2,4-dichlorobenzene
2-bromo-1,5-dichlorobenzene
126
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
7. Halogeno hydrocarbons
Examples : -
Br Br
1 4
4
3
Cl
1
2
Cl
Cl Cl
4-bromo-1,2-dichlorobenzene
127
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
7. Halogeno hydrocarbons
Examples : -
Br
Br Br
Br Br
Br
hexabromobenzene
128
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.10 All acyclic structures of C4H8Cl2
Cl
Cl 1,1-dichlorobutane
Cl
2,2-dichlorobutane
Cl
129
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Cl
Q.10
Cl
1,2-dichlorobutane
*
Cl
* 1,3-dichlorobutane
Cl Cl
Cl 1,4-dichlorobutane
Cl
2,3-dichlorobutane
Cl
1,1-dichloro-2-methylpropane
2
3
2-(dichloromethyl)propane
Cl Cl
2
1 3
131
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.10 Cl 1
Cl
1,1-dichloro-2-methylpropane
2 3
Cl
1
1,2-dichloro-2-methylpropane
2
3
Cl
Cl
1
1,3-dichloro-2-methylpropane
2 Cl
3
132
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
8. Amines
Derivatives of ammonia
H
N R Primary(1°) amine
H
H
2
HO
1 2-aminoethanol
NH2
135
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
8. Amines
Examples : - 2° amine
NH N-methylmethanamine
N-methylethanamine
NH
136
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
8. Amines
3° amine
N N,N-dimethylethanamine
N N,N-dimethylmethanamine
137
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
8. Amines
phenylamine or aniline
138
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
8. Amines
139
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
8. Amines
NH2 2-methylaniline
NH N-methylaniline
N-phenylmethanamine
140
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
8. Amines
1-phenylmethanamine
NH2
141
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
8. Amines
2 NH2
1
3 Prop-2-en-1-amine
NH2
Prop-1-en-2-amine
2
1 3
142
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
8. Amines
4 linear
1
3 2 NH2
NH2
but-3-yne-1,2-diamine
143
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
8. Amines
NH
NH2
2 1
3
N2-ethylpropane-1,2-diamine
144
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
NH2
Q.11
OH
2-aminophenol
NH2
NH2
benzene-1,2-diamine
NH2
COOH
2-aminobenzoic acid
145
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.11
1
3 2
N
4 H N-methylbutan-1-amine
1
4 pentan-2-amine
3 2
NH2
5
146
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.11
1
butan-1-amine
NH2
2 butan-2-amine
NH2
147
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.11 propane-1,2-diamine
NH2
N1-ethylpropane-1,2-diamine
H
N
2
3 1
1
3 2
4 N-methylbutan-2-amine
NH
148
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.11
N-ethyl
N 2
O
1
N-methyl
ethanamine 2-methoxy
N-ethyl-2-methoxy-N-methylethanamine
149
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.11
ethanamine
N-methyl N 2
O
1
N-(2-
methoxyethyl)
N-(2-methoxyethyl)-N-methylethanamine
3 substituents > 2 substituents
150
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.11 3
2 propan-1-amine
1
N-methyl N
2
O
1
N-(2-
methoxyethyl)
N-(2-methoxyethyl)-N-methylpropan-1-amine
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New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
Q.11
1 3 propan-2-amine
2
N-methyl
N
1 2
O
N-(2-methoxyethyl)
N-(2-methoxyethyl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine
152
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
9. Nitriles
Containing the cyano group, -CN
153
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
9. Nitriles
Naming : -
154
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
9. Nitriles
Examples : -
C N ethanenitrile
N
3 1
C
2 2-methylpropanenitrile
C N ethanenitrile
N
3 1
C
2 2-methylpropanenitrile
5 4 3 2 1
C
N
4-hydroxypentanenitrile
157
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
9. Nitriles
N
2
C
1 3
HOOC
3-cyano-2-methylpropanoic acid
158
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A
9. Nitriles
3
N
2
C
1
HOOC