Dr.

Rina Masadah, SpPA, DFM,

MPhil
FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION
y IS EXAMINATIONS TO DETERMINE THE
IDENTITY OF HUMANS (LIFE OR DEATH)
BASED ON SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTIC OF
HUMAN BODIES
y AIMED TO HELP INVESTIGATOR TO
DETERMINE PERSON IDENTITY FOR
JUSTICE
y APPLIED IN: UNKNOWN, DECAYED,
BURNED CORPSE, MASS DISASTER,
KIDNAPPING CHILD, NATURAL
DISASTER, EXCHANGED BABY, ETC
IDENTIFICATION METHODS :

yVISUAL
yCLOTHES
yJEWELERY
yDOCUMENT
y MEDIC
y TEETH
yFINGER PRINT
ySEROLOGIC
yEXCLUTION
VISUAL METHOD
ySimple, available to a good condition of
corpse, intact face
y Involve psychological, emotional,
education background conditions of
witness, investigator interpretation
CLOTHES
yType of clothes
yClothes material
yClothes brand or
initial
JEWELERIES
yEar rings, necklace, ring
yPay attention if there is initial
at the jeweleries
DOCUMENTS
yID card / Residency
card yDriving liscence
yPasport
yBlood card
identification
yReceipt / ticket
MEDICAL
y Sex, age, skin colour / general performance
(race)
yHeight and weight
yCongenital disease / disability, deformities
yScar, Tattoage
yFinger print
y Hair
SEX
ySex determination by examine the
pelvic bone, skull, chest bone,
long bones
ySex determination by histologic
or cytogetic examinations
FINGER PRINT
Finger print is unique in every person,
no finger print is exact same in 2
person
ySpecific examination, mass performed,
cheap, easy
TEETH EXAMINATIONS
y Is important examination because teeth
are unique in every person
y Can replace finger print examination
of decayed corpse
yLimitation: limit dental facilitation, not
familiar to every people, no dental
record
HAIR
y Human hair is not unique, but is good for
identification because resist of putrefication
y If hair, we must determine human hair of
not
y ˆ Š—ƒ ǯ • Š ƒ ‹ ” ǡ ™Š‹ Š ’ƒ”–
™‘ƒǯ• Šƒ‹”ǫ -n atƒur–al—lo”osƒe?ŽB lu‘nt”o r —
sharp cut? etc
SKELETON IDENTIFICATIONS
y ‹ ‡ † – ‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ ‹ˆ –Š skeleton, race, sex,
estimated age, estimated height, is there any
specific characteristic, is
there any violence signs, etc
yEstimation of time of death by observe the
bone dryness
ySUPERIMPOSITION METHOD: By overlapping
the rontgen photo with printed photo which
taken from similar angles.
EXCLUTION METHOD
y Use in mass disaster e.g air plane crash, train crach
etc
y If there is one or two victim unidentified from the
disaster, we can use name list of the air craft- the
unidentified body might be the name of the
exclude list
 MUTILATION CASE
y To determine if tissues are original from human or
animal
y If human tissues, are they from one body?
yDetermination by some laboratory examinations
(macroscopic, microscopic, serologic-precipitin
test)
y Determination of sex, age, race etc
BLOOD EXAMINATIONS
y Is the most important examination among
human liquids examination, since it has more
specific biological characteristic (e.g blood
groups)
y Aim of examination: Support identification of
the blood owner, by comparing blood at the
crime sceen with evidence
Blood determinations

yMicroscopic examinations
yChemical examinations
ySpectroscopic examinations
Blood microscopic examination
y To observe the erytrocyte morphologics
y Only determine class of erythrocyte,
not species (e.g mammalia: ovale shape
and unucleated erythrocytes)
BLOOD CHEMISTRY
EXAMINATIONS
y Is performed if blood microscopic
examination was not available
yPreliminary test: Benzidine test ,
Luminol test
yDetermination test: Teichman test,
Takayama test, Wagenaar test
Sperm examinations

Microscopic: to examine sperm motility

and morphology
Chemical: phosphatase acid reaction (for
screening), fluorescence reaction (in
azospermic case), Berberio reaction (to
dertermine sperm in cementum)
 THE PRIMARY
METHODS OF
IDENTIFICATIO
N

FINGER PRINT DENTAL RECORD DNA

ANALYSIS
 THE SECONDARY
METHODS OF
IDENTIFICATION

MEDICAL DATA PROPERTY PHOTOGRAPHY

Obstacles in identification
In developing countries,
people still skeptical to
trust the result of DNA
analysis method
 REFER FROM ALL OBSTACLES
ABOVE, THE DNA FORENSIC IS THE
PRIMARY CHOICE FOR SOLVING
THOSE PROBLEMS, BECAUSE DNA
FORENSIC HAS SOME
SUPERIORITIES
WHAT KIND OF DNA FORENSIC USES FOR ?

y To identify suspects or perpetrators of crime

(murder, robbery, rape, terrorism, etc)
y ‘ ‹†‡– ‹ˆ› ˜‹ –‹ ǣ ”
†‹•ƒ•–‡”• ˜‹ –‹ ȋ Ȍ
yPaternity case : get accidentally exchange
baby
yPaternity case : father deny his child
yMutilation case
y Trace evidence analysis
1. NEEDS A SMALL BIOGICAL SAMPLES
Blood stain
Only needs a very small amount
of blood to obtain a DNA profile

Red muscle tissue

Usually only ~ 1 gram from
soft tissue sample needed

Bone
~ 10 grams bone sample needed
2. RESOURCES OF BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
DNA has been successfully isolated and analyzed from a variety of
biological material , such as :

Blood
Semen
Saliva
Urine
Hair
Teeth
Bone
Tissue
2. 5 ( 6 2 8 5 & ( 6 2 ) % , 2 / 2 * , & $ / ( 9 , ' ( 1 & (
From the bodies with various condition, the resources DNA
samples are
Condition of body Recommended sample

Complete, non-decomposed Blood (on FTA paper or swab)) and buccal

corpse (oral) smears

Mutilated, non-decomposed If available: blood and deep-seated red muscle

corpse tissue (~1.0g)

Complete, decomposed corpse or Sample from long, compact bones ( 4-6 cm

mutilated remains sections, window section, without shaft
separation)
Or.
Healthy teeth (preferably molars)
Or.
Any other available bone (~10g, if
possible;
preferably cortical bones with
dense tissue)

Severely burnt corpses All samples listed above and impacted teeth or
tooth roots if present
or
smears from the bladder

DVI GUIDELINE
3. TECHNOLOGIES OF DNA FORENSIC

‡ RLFP
‡ PCR METHOD
‡ STR ANALYSIS
‡ SNP
‡ mtDNA ANALYSIS
‡ Y CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS
‡ Etc.

The recent developed DNA technologies

make the scientist more easy to work and
analyze, so that could get the excellent
result
4. REFERENCE SAMPLES
y DNA BATABASE
y FAMILY REFERENCE SAMPLE
y DIRECT REFERENCE SAMPLE

Different with fingerprint or dental record, if

the DNA database is not available we could
compare the evidence sample profile with
family reference sample or direct reference
sample
 ‡The acceptance of the DNA
analysis, depend on the expert
behind the analysis, the locus of
DNA target, and method of
analysis
 CRIME SCENE

POST MORTEM
SAMPLE
REFERENCE SAMPLE
1.FAMILY REFERENCE SAMPLES

2.DIRECT REFERENCE SAMPLES

Grandmother

Aunt Uncle Mother Father

Cousin Spouse

Sister Brother Missing Individual

Niece Nephew
Son Daughter
Preferred family reference samples
:

‡Both parents
‡ One parent, spouse and
children
‡ Children and spouse
‡ One parent and sibling
‡ Siblings (two or more)
‡ Known identical twin
- AVOID CONTAMINATION : NOT TOUCHING WITH BARE
HANDS, SNEEZING AND COUGHING
- USE CLEAN LATEX, SHOULD BE CHANGED BETWEEN
HANDLING DIFFERENT ITEM
- BLOOD STAINS, SEMEN STAINS, AND OTHER TYPES OF
STAINS MUST BE AIR DRIED PRIOR TO SEALING PACKAGE
- EACH ITEM OF EVIDENCE MUST BE PACKAGED SEPARATELY
- SAMPLE SHOULD BE PACKAGE IN PAPER ENVELOPE OR
PAPER BAG AFTER DRYING