Fatigue failure criteria are used to judge whether the

component operates safely or it will fail under the application of

fatigue stress.
Equation of fatigue failure
criteria:

Note the difference

between Soderberg and
Goodman Equ.

Where n is called Design factor or Factor of safety

It is common to ask students to calculate the value of the
“Factor of safety”.

If n ≥ 1, the part will operate safely.

If n < 1, the part will fail if it is subjected to these stresses.
For the combined loading, σa and σm can be calculated as:-

These are calculated using VonMises theory where:-

σ’a = vonMises stress for amplitude stresses
σ’m = vonMises stress for midrange stresses
kf)bending …… fatigue stress concentration in bending
kf)axial ……….. fatigue stress concentration in axial
kfs)torsion……… fatigue stress concentration in torsion [Shear]

The values of σ’a and σ’m are then plotted on(or substituted
in) Goodman, Soderberg or other charts of failure criterion
Examples of Shaft and shaft
components:
Shafts

Gears Used to transmit power between shafts

Spur Gear Bevel Gear Worm and worm gear

Examples of Machine Elements (continued):

Keys

Rolling Bearings

Ball rolling bearing Tapered rolling bearing

Examples of Machine Elements (continued):

Couplings
Clutches

Used to connect
and disconnect
power from a driver
shaft to a driven
shaft, e.g. as in
Cars.
Material Used for Shafts
The material used for shafts should have the following properties :
1. It should have high strength.
2. It should have good machinability.
3. It should have low notch sensitivity factor.
4. It should have good heat treatment properties.
5. It should have high wear resistant properties.
The material used for ordinary shafts is carbon steel
 Types of Shafts
1. Transmission shafts. These shafts transmit power between the source and
the machines absorbing power. The counter shafts, line shafts, over head shafts
and all factory shafts are transmission shafts. Since these shafts carry machine
parts such as pulleys, gears etc.,
therefore they are subjected to bending in addition to twisting.
2. Machine shafts. These shafts form an integral part of the machine itself. The crank
shaft is an example of machine shaft.
Standard Sizes of Transmission Shafts
The standard sizes of transmission shafts are :
25 mm to 60 mm with 5 mm steps; 60 mm to 110 mm with 10 mm steps; 110 mm
to 140 mm with 15 mm steps ; and 140 mm to 500 mm with 20 mm steps.
The standard length of the shafts are 5 m, 6 m and7 m.

Stresses in Shafts

1. Shear stresses due to the transmission of torque (i.e. due to torsional load).

2. Bending stresses (tensile or compressive) due to the forces acting upon machine
elements like gears, pulleys etc. as well as due to the weight of the shaft itself.

3. Stresses due to combined torsional and bending loads.

 Design of Shafts
The shafts maybe designed on the basis of
1. Strength, and
2. Rigidity and stiffness.

In designing shafts on the basis of strength, the following cases maybe considered:

(a) Shafts subjected to twisting moment or torque only,

(b) Shafts subjected to bending moment only,

(c) Shafts subjected to combined twisting and bending moments, and

(d) Shafts subjected to axial loads in addition to combined torsional and bending loads.
Many shafts are made from low carbon, cold-drawn or hot-rolled steel, such as ANSI 1020-
1050 steels.

Depending on the operation condition of the shaft, it may be heat treated and/ground.

In the problems we may meet, material of the shaft will be provided.

The geometry of a shaft

is generally that of a
stepped cylinder to
accommodate for other
shaft components.
The use of shaft
shoulders is an excellent
means of axially locating
the shaft elements and to
carry any thrust loads.
Common torque-transfer elements are:

Selection of these elements depends on the torque

transmitted.

Shoulders, sleeves, pins and setscrews are used to fix the shaft components to the shaft
Examples of shafts assembly
Shafts are subjected mainly to bending, torsion, and axial stresses. These stresses may be
present in both midrange and alternating components

The fluctuating stresses due to bending and torsion are given by

For Solid Shaft, substitute the value of c, I and J get :

and the von Mises stresses is then:

Any of the failure criteria, presented in the earlier chapter, can be used. Let the modified
Goodman is uses, then:-
Note:
For a rotating shaft with constant bending and torsion, the bending stress is
completely reversed and the torsion is steady. Equations (7–7) through (7–14) can be
simplified by setting Mm and Ta equal to 0.0, which simply drops out some of the
terms.

Check against static failure:

- Calculate the vonMises stress as follows and compare to the yield strength of the material.

Or simply,

Then calculate the yielding factor of safety,ny

If ny < 1 the Yielding occurs