ENGCHEM 111 Chapter 3 Part 2

Chapter 3
Molecules, Moles, and Chemical

Equations
Brown/Holme, Chemistry For Engineering Students, 4 th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May
not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Acid–Base Reactions (4 of 6)
• Weak acids and bases partially dissociate in water

• Notice the two-way arrow, which emphasizes that the reaction does not proceed
completely from left to right

CH3COOH(aq)  H2O()  
 3 H O 
(aq)  CH3COO 
(aq)

NH3 (aq)  H2O() 
 NH 
4 (aq)  OH 
(aq)
Brown/Holme, Chemistry For Engineering Students, 4 th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not
be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
• Some common weak acids and bases
Weak Acids Weak Acids Weak Bases Weak Bases

H3 PO4 Phosphoric acid NH3 Ammonia
HF Hydrofluoric acid CH3NH2 Methylamine
CH3COOH Acetic acid
HCN Hydrocyanic acid
• Mixing an acid and a base leads to a reaction known as neutralization, in

which the resulting solution is neither acidic nor basic.
• Molecular equation for neutralization of strong acid and strong base
Join In, 8
What other property is true about a strong acid?

• Concentrated solution
• Strong electrolyte
• Strong salt
Join In, 8, Answer
• Strong electrolyte
Join In, 9
What are the products of a neutralization reaction?

• Water
• Salt
• Both water and salt
• Water and a precipitate
Join In, 9, Answer
• Both water and salt
Precipitation Reactions (1 of 2)
• A precipitation reaction is an aqueous reaction that produces a solid, called

the precipitate
• Molecular reaction for the precipitation of lead(II) iodide
• Net ionic reaction for the precipitation of lead(II) iodide

2 
Pb (aq)  2I (aq) 
 PbI2 (s)
Precipitation Reactions (2 of 2)
• Precipitation reaction between aqueous solutions of KI and Pb(NO3)2,

which are both colorless
• The bright yellow solid, PbI2, is produced
• PbI2 is insoluble as predicted by the solubility guidelines
Example Problem 3.4
• When aqueous sodium carbonate and barium chloride are combined, the
solution becomes cloudy white with solid barium carbonate
• Write the following equations:
• Molecular
• Total ionic
• Net ionic
Avogadro’s Number and the Mole (1 of 3)
• A mole is a means of counting the large number of particles in samples

12
• One mole is the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of C or carbon-12
• This number is also referred to as Avogadro’s number, and its value is
6.022  1023 particles/mole
Avogadro’s Number and the Mole (2 of 3)
An atom’s molar mass (unit: g/mol) is its atomic weight in the periodic table.
Example: Carbon Atomic Weight= 12.01 amu
Molar Mass= 12.01 g/mol
Nitrogen Atomic Weight= 14.01 amu
Molar Mass= 14.01 g/mol
A compound’s molar mass (unit: g/mol) is the sum of the molar mass for
the atoms in a chemical formula.
Example: C6H12O6 (glucose) Carbon: (6)(12.01 g/mol)= 72.06 g/mol
Hydrogen: (12)(1.01 g/mol)= 12.12 g/mol
Oxygen: (6)(16.00 g/mol)= 96.00 g/mol
Molar Mass of C6H12O6: 72.06 g/mol + 12.12 g/mol + 96.00 g/mol= 180.18 g/mol
Example Problem 3.5
• Determine the molar mass of each of the following compounds, all of which
are used as fertilizers for the production of biomass:
• Calcium sulfate, CaSO4
• Urea, CO(NH2)2
• Carnallite, H12Cl3KMgO6
Calculations Using Moles and Molar Mass (1 of 2)
• Molar mass allows conversion from mass to the number of moles, much like a
unit conversion
• 1 mol C7H5N3O6 = 227.133 g C7H5N3O6
1 mol C 7 H5N3O6
300.0 g C 7 H5N3O6 
227.133 g C 7 H5N3O6
 1.320 mol C 7 H5N3O6
Calculations Using Moles and Molar Mass (2 of 2)
• Avogadro’s number functions much like a unit conversion between moles to

the number of particles
• 1 mol C7H5N3O6  6.022  10 23 C7H5N3O6molecules
• How many molecules are in 1.320 moles of nitroglycerin?
6.022  1023 molecules C 7 H5N3O6

1.320 mol C 7 H5N3O6 
1 mol C 7 H5N3O6
 7.949  1023 molecules C 7 H5N3O6
Example Problem 3.6
• A 245.3-g sample of glutamic acid, C5H9NO4, is recovered from an

experiment using fermentation to convert biomass
• How many moles of C5H9NO4 are in this sample?
• How many molecules are in this sample?
Elemental Analysis: Determining Empirical and
Molecular Formulas (1 of 3)
• Empirical formulas can be determined from an elemental analysis
• An elemental analysis measures the mass percentage of each element in a
compound
• The formula describes the composition in terms of the number of atoms of each
element
• The molar masses of the elements provide the connection between the elemental
analysis and the formula
Example Problem 3.8
• Nitroaniline had been observed in experiments on biomass from pine

needles and can be used as a precursor for pharmaceuticals
• It contains 52.17% carbon, 4.38% hydrogen, 20.28% nitrogen, and 23.17%
oxygen by mass
• Determine the empirical formula of nitroaniline
Elemental Analysis: Determining Empirical and
Molecular Formulas (3 of 3)
• A molecular formula is a whole number multiple of the empirical formula
• Molar mass for the molecular formula is a whole number multiple of the molar
mass for the empirical formula
Problem: If the empirical formula of a compound is CH 2 and its molar mass is 42

g/mol, what is its molecular formula?

ENGCHEM 111 Chapter 3 Part 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ENGCHEM 111 Chapter 3 Part 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 3

Molecules, Moles, and Chemical

• Weak acids and bases partially dissociate in water

• Some common weak acids and bases

Weak Acids Weak Acids Weak Bases Weak Bases

• Mixing an acid and a base leads to a reaction known as neutralization, in

What other property is true about a strong acid?

What are the products of a neutralization reaction?

• Both water and salt

• A precipitation reaction is an aqueous reaction that produces a solid, called

• Net ionic reaction for the precipitation of lead(II) iodide

• Precipitation reaction between aqueous solutions of KI and Pb(NO3)2,

• A mole is a means of counting the large number of particles in samples

• Avogadro’s number functions much like a unit conversion between moles to

6.022  1023 molecules C 7 H5N3O6

• A 245.3-g sample of glutamic acid, C5H9NO4, is recovered from an

• Nitroaniline had been observed in experiments on biomass from pine

Problem: If the empirical formula of a compound is CH 2 and its molar mass is 42

You might also like