Matter

Matter

•is a substance made up of various types

of particles that occupies physical space
and has inertia
 Matter

Pure Substance Mixture

Elements Compounds Homogenous Heterogenous

Metal Non-Metal Acid Bases

Metalloid Salt and Water

5 states of Matter

• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Plasma - is a form of matter in which many of the electrons wander
around freely among the nuclei of the atoms.
• Bose-Einstein Condensate - A state of matter in which atoms or
particles are chilled to such low energies that they 'condense' into a
single quantum state.
Solid

• A solid is a state of matter characterized by particles arranged

such that their shape and volume are relatively stable. The
constituents of a solid tend to be packed together much closer
than the particles in a gas or liquid.
Liquid

• A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms

to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly)
constant volume independent of pressure.
Gas

• Gas is a state of matter that has no fixed shape and no fixed volume.
Gases have a lower density than other states of matter, such as solids
and liquids. There is a great deal of empty space between particles,
which have a lot of kinetic energy and aren't particularly attracted to
one another.
Elements and
Compounds
Elements

• Elements are made up of atom or atoms of the same kind. They are the
simplest type of matter and cannot be broken down into components.
Each element is made entirely from one type of atom. Each element is
unique, and no two elements have the same set of properties. Some are
in the same state, but they have different properties. Some elements
are metals like iron, gold, and silver. Others are nonmetals like
Nitrogen, Oxygen and Hydrogen. There are elements that are
metalloids like Boron, Silicon and Germanium.
3 types of Elements

• Metal
• Non-Metal
• Metalloids
Metal

• It is any of various opaque, fusible, ductile, and typically lustrous

substances that are good conductors of electricity and heat, form
cations by loss of electrons, and yield basic oxides and hydroxides
especially. It is also one that is a chemical element as distinguished
from an alloy.
Non-metal

• Non-metals can be gases, liquids or solids. Non-metals are dull in

color, not shiny like metals. You can't hammer or shape a non-metal
• It will just shatter if you hit it.
Metalloids

• a chemical element with some of the properties of a metal and some of

a non-metal.
Properties of Elements

• Elements could either have physical and chemical properties. To show

distinction of elements found either free in nature or artificial, here are
some of its physical and chemical properties as pure substances.
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
LUSTER FLAMMABILITY
VOLUME OXIDATION
COLOR TOXICITY
MASS ACIDITY
SHAPE STABILITY
Physical Properties
Luster

• Luster depends on how the electrons in the

material react to light shining on it. Surfaces of
all solid objects, including minerals show a
range from strongly to weakly reflective. The
most highly reflective substances are metals,
and minerals that resemble them are described
as having metallic luster.
Volume

• Volume is the amount of space occupied by a

substance, while mass is the amount of matter
it contains. The amount of mass per unit of
volume is a sample's density.
Color

• The 'colour' of an object is the wavelengths of

light that it reflects.
Mass

• Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in a

substance or an object. The basic SI unit for
mass is the kilogram (kg), but smaller masses
may be measured in grams (g). To measure
mass, you would use a balance.
Shape

• Matter in the solid state maintains a fixed

volume and shape, with component particles
(atoms, molecules or ions) close together and
fixed into place. Matter in the liquid state
maintains a fixed volume but has a variable
shape that adapts to fit its container. Its
particles are still close together but move
freely.
Chemical Properties
Flammability
• Flammability is the ability of matter to burn. When matter burns, it
combines with oxygen and changes to different substances. Wood is an
example of flammable matter. When wood burns, it changes to ashes,
carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases.
Oxidation

• The term oxidation was originally used to describe reactions in which

an element combines with oxygen. Example: The reaction between
magnesium metal and oxygen to form magnesium oxide involves the
oxidation of magnesium.
Toxicity

• The toxicity of a substance is its ability to cause harmful effects. These

effects can strike a single cell, a group of cells, an organ system, or the
entire body. A toxic effect may be visible damage, or a decrease in
performance or function measurable only by a test.
Stability

• Stability of matter refers to the problem of showing rigorously that

many charged quantum particles can coexist and form macroscopic
objects, like ordinary matter.
Compounds
What is a Compound?

• It is a substance consisting of atoms or ions of two or

more different elements in definite proportions joined
by chemical bonds into a molecule.
Properties of compounds

• Compounds cannot be separated into other

substances by physical methods but by chemical
means only.
Ex. Elemental component of water as hydrogen
and oxygen can only be separated by electrolysis
Properties of compounds

• Shorthand in writing compounds is chemical formulas while elements

are chemical symbols.
Ex.
water - H2O (chemical formula)
hydrogen - H (chemical symbol)
oxygen - O (chemical symbol)
Properties of compounds

• Elements in compounds are always combined in fixed proportions.

Name of the compound Chemical Formula Composition Proportion

Water H20 2 Hydrogen (H) 1 2:1
Oxygen (O)
Table salt NaCl 1 Sodium (Na) 1 1:1
Chlorine (Cl)
Table sugar C12H22O11 12 Carbon (C) 22 12:22:11
Hydrogen (H) 11 oxygen
(O)
Properties of compounds

• Generally, compounds have chemical names and common names.

Chemical formula Chemical name Common name

NaCl sodium chloride table salt
H2O dihydrogen oxide water
CH4 carbon tetrahydride methane
Properties of compounds

• Compounds are useful in our daily needs.

Name of the Compound Chemical formula Uses

water H2O drinking, washing,
watering, cleaning
table salt NaCl seasoning
table sugar C12H22O11 sweetener
agua oxigenada H2O2 cleaning wounds
Mixtures
Two types of mixtures

•Homogeneous Mixtures
•Heterogeneous Mixtures
Homogeneous Mixtures

• A homogeneous mixture is a mixture of substances blended so

thoroughly that you cannot see individual substances. Every sample of
the mixture will show the same amounts of each substance.
Homogeneous mixtures can be solid, liquid, gas, or plasma mixtures.
Heterogeneous Mixtures

• A heterogeneous mixture is a non-uniform mixture with visible,

individual items or particles. Heterogeneous mixtures contain two or
more constituent parts that mix but remain physically separate. The
components’ chemical properties do not change, and the individual
components are observable with the naked eye.
Acid and Bases

• The word “Acid” from either of these words acidus meaning sour or
acetum means vinegar.
• Acids taste sour.
• Ex. Vinegar has acetic acid (CH3COOH)
Lemon has citric acid (C6H8O7)
Yogurt has lactic acid (C3H6O3)
Acid and Bases

• Bases taste bitter.

• Bases slippery and soapy
• Bases reacts with grease and oil
The pH Scale

• pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 -

14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a
pH of greater than 7 indicates a base. pH is really a measure of the
relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water.
pH Indicators

• A pH indicator or acid-base indicator is a compound that changes

color in solution over a narrow range of pH values. Only a small
amount of indicator compound is needed to produce a visible color
change