MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

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Sixth Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 3.4

• Find the T0 for the maximum • Find the corresponding angle of twist for each
allowable torque on each shaft – shaft and the net angular rotation of end A.
choose the smallest.

A/ B 
TAB L

61.8 Nm 0.6 m 
2 0.0095 m  77  10 Pa 
 4 9
J AB G
 0.0376 rad  2.15o
2.73 61.8 Nm 0.6 m 
T c 
T0 9.5  103 m  C / D 
TCD L

 max  AB
J AB
55  10 Pa 
6

9.5 10 3
m
4 J CD G  4

2 0.0125 m  77  10 psi
9

2
 0.0514 rad  2.95o
T0  74.1 Nm
B  2.73C  2.73 2.95o   8.05o
 max 
TCD c
55  106 Pa 

2.8 T0 12.5  10 m 3

J CD 
2 12.5 10 3
m 
4  A  B   A / B  8.05o  2.15o  A  10.2o
T0  61.8 Nm T0  61.8 Nm

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Design of Transmission Shafts

• Principal transmission shaft • Determine torque applied to shaft at

performance specifications are: specified power and speed,
­ power P  T  2fT
­ speed P P
T 
 2f
• Designer must select shaft
material and cross-section to • Find shaft cross-section which will not
meet performance specifications exceed the maximum allowable
without exceeding allowable shearing stress,
shearing stress.  max 
Tc
J
J  3 T
 c  solid shafts 
c 2  max
J

 4 4
c2 2c2

c2  c1 
T

 max
hollow shafts 

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Sixth Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Stress Concentrations
• The derivation of the torsion formula,
Tc
 max 
J
assumed a circular shaft with uniform
cross-section loaded through rigid end
plates.
• The use of flange couplings, gears and
pulleys attached to shafts by keys in
keyways, and cross-section discontinuities
can cause stress concentrations
• Experimental or numerically determined
concentration factors are applied as
Tc
 max  K
J

Fig. 3.32 Stress-concentration factors

for fillets in circular shafts.

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Sixth Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Plastic Deformations
• With the assumption of a linearly elastic material,
Tc
 max 
J
• If the yield strength is exceeded or the material has
a nonlinear shearing-stress-strain curve, this
expression does not hold.
• Shearing strain varies linearly regardless of
material properties. Application of shearing-stress-
strain curve allows determination of stress
distribution.
• The integral of the moments from the internal stress
distribution is equal to the torque on the shaft at the
section,
c c
T    2 d   2   2 d
0 0

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Sixth Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Elastoplastic Materials
• At the maximum elastic torque,
J L Y
TY   Y  12 c3 Y Y 
c c

• As the torque is increased, a plastic region


(    
) develops around an elastic core ( 
Y
Y Y
L) Y
Y 


2 c 3 1  1 Y3  
4 T 1  1 Y3 
T Y  3 Y
3 4
 c 3

4
c3 
 3
4 T 1  1 Y 
T 3 Y 4 3
  

• As Y  0 , the torque approaches a limiting

value,
TP  4 TY  plastic torque
3

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Residual Stresses
• Plastic region develops in a shaft when subjected to a
large enough torque.
• When the torque is removed, the reduction of stress
and strain at each point takes place along a straight line
to a generally non-zero residual stress.
• On a T- curve, the shaft unloads along a straight line
to an angle greater than zero.
• Residual stresses found from principle of
superposition

Tc    dA  0
 
m
J
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Sixth Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example 3.08/3.09
SOLUTION:
• Solve Eq. (3.32) for Y/c and evaluate
the elastic core radius
• Solve Eq. (3.36) for the angle of twist

A solid circular shaft is subjected to • Evaluate Eq. (3.16) for the angle
a torqueT  4.6 kN  m at each end. which the shaft untwists when the
Assuming that the shaft is made of torque is removed. The permanent
 Y  150 MPa
an elastoplastic material with twist is the difference between the
G and
77 GPa determine (a) angles of twist and untwist
the radius of the elastic core, (b) the
• Find the residual stress distribution
angle of twist of the shaft. When the
by a superposition of the stress due to
torque is removed, determine (c) the
twisting and untwisting the shaft
permanent twist, (d) the distribution
of residual stresses.

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Sixth Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example 3.08/3.09
SOLUTION:
• Solve Eq. (3.36) for the angle of twist
• Solve Eq. (3.32) for Y/c and
evaluate the elastic core radius  Y Y
1   

4 T 1  1 Y3  Y  T  3
Y c Y c
T    4  3 
3 Y

4
c 
3 c  TY 
Y 
TY L

 
3.68  103 N  m 1.2 m 

J  12 c 4  12  25  103 m  JG  
614  10-9 m 4 77  10 Pa 

 614  10 9
m 4 Y  93.4  103 rad

 J 93.4  103 rad

Y 
TY c
 TY  Y   148.3  103 rad  8.50o
J c 0.630

TY 

150  106 Pa 614  109 m 4    8.50o
25  103 m
 3.68 kN  m
1
Y  4.6  3
 4 3   0.630
c  3 . 68 
Y  15.8 mm
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Sixth Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example 3.08/3.09
• Evaluate Eq. (3.16) for the angle • Find the residual stress distribution
which the shaft untwists when by a superposition of the stress due to
the torque is removed. The twisting and untwisting the shaft
permanent twist is the difference
between the angles of twist and 
 max 
Tc

 
4.6  103 N  m 25  103 m 
untwist J 614  10-9 m 4
 187.3 MPa
TL
 
JG


4.6  103 N  m 1.2 m 
6.14  109 m4 77  109 Pa 
 116 .8  103 rad  6.69
φp     
 8.50  6.69
 1.81o
 p  1.81o

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Sixth Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Torsion of Noncircular Members

• Previous torsion formulas are valid for
axisymmetric or circular shafts
• Planar cross-sections of noncircular
shafts do not remain planar and stress
and strain distribution do not vary
linearly
• For uniform rectangular cross-sections,
T TL
 max  
c1ab 2 c2 ab3G

• At large values of a/b, the maximum

shear stress and angle of twist for other
open sections are the same as a
rectangular bar.

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Sixth Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts

• Summing forces in the x-direction on AB,
 Fx  0   A t Ax    B t B x 
 At A  Bt B   t  q  shear flow

shear stress varies inversely with thickness

• Compute the shaft torque from the integral

of the moments due to shear stress
dM 0  p dF  p t ds   q pds   2q dA
T   dM 0   2q dA  2qA
T

2tA
• Angle of twist (from Chapter 11)
TL ds
 
4 A 2G t

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Sixth Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example 3.10
Extruded aluminum tubing with a rectangular
cross-section has a torque loading of 2.7
kNm. Determine the shearing stress in each
of the four walls with (a) uniform wall
thickness of 4 mm and wall thicknesses of (b)
3 mm on AB and CD and 5 mm on CD and
BD.
SOLUTION:
• Determine the shear flow through the
tubing walls.
• Find the corresponding shearing stress
with each wall thickness .

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Sixth Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example 3.10
SOLUTION: • Find the corresponding shearing
stress with each wall thickness.
• Determine the shear flow through the
tubing walls.
With a uniform wall thickness,
q 251.12  103 N m
 
t 0.004 m

  62.8 MPa

With a variable wall thickness

251.12  103 N m
 AB   AC 
A  96 mm 56 mm   5376 mm 2 0.003 m
T 2700 Nm 3 N  AB   BC  83.7 MPa
q   251 . 12  10

2 A 2 5376 10 6 mm 2  m
251.12  103 N m
 BD   CD 
0.005 m
 BC   CD  50.2 MPa

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