PSP - Slides CH # 2 (Relay Operating Principles)

Power System Protection
Chapter # 2
(Relay Operating Principles)
Muhammad Bilal
Assistant Professor, EED UET LHR
Relay Operating Principles…
1. Level Detection: Example
• Maximum overload current for
short duration is 1.25 × 245 =
306 A.
• Any current above this level
may be taken as a fault, or
some other abnormal
condition.
• The level above which the relay
operates is known as the
pickup setting of the relay.
1. Level Detection:
• The characteristics of an
OC relay can be
presented as a plot
between operating time
and the current in the
relay.
2. Magnitude comparison
Example 1
2. Magnitude comparison
Example 2
• This relay can also be used when machine has
two identical parallel sub-windings per phase.
3. Differential comparison
• It is one of the most sensitive and effective
methods of providing protection against
faults.
4. Phase angle comparison
5. Distance measurement
RELAY DESIGNS
1. Fuses
• There are two major disadvantages of fuses.
1. It is inherently a one-shot device.
• Which requires a blown fuse to be replaced.
This means
• a delay in service restoration
and required
• spare fuses in stock
• qualified maintenance personnel who must
go and replace the fuses in the field
RELAY DESIGNS
1. Fuses
• There are two major disadvantages of fuses.
2. In a three-phase circuit, a single-phase-to-
ground fault will cause one fuse to blow, de-
energizing only one phase.
ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS
Plunger-type relays
Plunger-type relays
1 2
𝑊 ( 𝜆 , 𝑖 ) =𝑊 ′ ( 𝑖 , 𝑥 ) = 𝐿𝑖
2
2 2
𝜇0 𝜋 𝑑 𝑁
𝐿=
4 ( 𝑥+ 𝑔 𝑑 / 4 𝑎 )
𝜕 ′
ℑ 𝑚= 𝑊 (𝑖 , 𝑥 )
𝜕𝑥
2
𝑖
ℑ 𝑚= K 2
( 𝑥 +𝑔𝑑 / 4 𝑎 )
Plunger-type relays
ℑ 𝑚 ∝ 𝐼 2
2
𝐼
ℑ 𝑚= K 2
( 𝑥 +𝑔𝑑 / 4 𝑎 )
ℑ 𝑠 = ℑ 𝑚
𝑃 𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑢𝑝 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼 𝑝
𝐼 𝑝=
√ℑ𝑠
𝐾
𝑔𝑑
×(𝒙 𝟎 + )
4𝑎
Plunger-type relays
√
𝐼 𝑝=
ℑ𝑠
𝐾
𝑔𝑑
×(𝒙 𝟎 + )
4𝑎
𝐷 𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼 𝑑
ℑ 𝑠 > ℑ 𝑚
√
𝐼 𝑑=
ℑ𝑠
𝐾
𝑥 𝑜> 𝑥 1
𝑔𝑑
×(𝒙 𝟏+ )
4𝑎
𝐼 𝑝 >𝐼 𝑑
Plunger-type relays
Induction Disc-type relays
Induction Cup-type relays
Example:
• By using the same current to flow through the
two coils, one could make it a level detector.
• An arrangement must be done to produce
phase difference between the currents.
2
𝜏= 𝐾 1 𝐼
Induction-type relays
• If all of these combinations of energizing
quantities are applied to several coils, and a
composite torque expression for the
accelerating torque can be obtained
2 2
𝜏=𝜏𝑚 −𝜏 𝑠= 𝐾 1 𝐼 + 𝐾 2 𝑉 + 𝐾 3 VI sin ( 𝜃+ 𝜑 ) − 𝜏 𝑠
❑
1. Consider (K3 = 0) in above equation and

2. The voltage-coils produce reverse torque (i.e.
replacing K2 by − K2),
3. If the control spring torque is negligible (τS = 0)
When the relay is on the verge of operation (τ = 0),
then
=
= =
which is the equation of a circle in the R–X plane

• This is known as an impedance or ohm relay.
Tripping Region
X
R
• Consider the K1, K2 and τS equal to zero

=
• Dividing by 2 this equation becomes.
=
• This is the equation of a straight line in the R–X
plane.
Tripping Region X
−𝝋 R
• Consider the K1 and τS equal to zero and

reversing the sign of torque produced by V2 term.
=
• Dividing by 2 this equation becomes.
• This is the equation of a circle passing through

the origin in R-X plane.
X
𝒁𝐫
−𝝋
𝒁
𝟗𝟎 −𝝋
𝜽
R
𝝋
SOLID-STATE RELAYS
Overcurrent Relay
SOLID-STATE RELAYS
SOLID-STATE RELAYS
Distance (Mho) Relays
• Mho relay characteristic is defined by the
equation
• Using the symbol Zr for (K3/K2), the equation

becomes
• Multiplying both sides by the relay input current I

and replacing IZ by E
SOLID-STATE RELAYS
SOLID-STATE RELAYS
SOLID-STATE RELAYS
Computer relays
Other relay design considerations
3. Seal-in circuit
Control circuits
Standard Designation Number
Stand.
Desig. Description
No.
21 Distance relay
27 Under-voltage relay
32 Directional power relay
46 Reverse-phase or phase-balance relay
50 Instantaneous overcurrent
51 AC time-delay overcurrent relay
52 AC circuit breaker
Standard Designation Number
Stand.
Desig. Description
No.
55 Power factor relay
59 Overvoltage relay
67 AC directional overcurrent relay
72 DC circuit breaker
76 DC overcurrent relay
81 Frequency relay
87 Differential protective relay
List of Important Standard Designation
Numbers
21 46 51 64 81
25 47 52 67 87
27 49 55 72 30
32 50 59 76 60
END
Question?

PSP - Slides CH # 2 (Relay Operating Principles)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PSP - Slides CH # 2 (Relay Operating Principles)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power System Protection

1. Consider (K3 = 0) in above equation and

which is the equation of a circle in the R–X plane

• Consider the K1, K2 and τS equal to zero

• Consider the K1 and τS equal to zero and

• This is the equation of a circle passing through

• Using the symbol Zr for (K3/K2), the equation

• Multiplying both sides by the relay input current I

You might also like