What Is IP Address

• An IP address identifies a network node (or an interface on a network device).

• IP addresses are used for network addressing of IP packets.
• This document discusses only 32-bit IPv4 addresses.
• IPv4 addresses are expressed in dotted decimal notation.

Dotted decimal notation 192. 168. 10. 1

Binary format 11000000 10101000 00001010 00000001
Types of IP Addresses

0.0.0.0

0.0.0.1
32
2 ……
5 types

255.255.255.255
Types of IP Addresses
Types of IP Addresses (Network Part and Host Part)
Network Mask

• A network mask consists of 32 bits, written in a form identical to that of an IP address.

• A network mask is a sequence of ones (1) followed by a block of zeros (0) in binary format.
• Bit 1 in a network mask corresponds to the network bit of an IP address. Bit 0 corresponds to
the host bit in of IP address. This helps to identify the network bit and host bit of an IP
address.

192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 equals to 192.168.1.1/24.

Types of IP Network Communication

• Unicast
• Broadcast
• Multicast
PC2

PC3
Multicast receiver
PC1
Multicast source

PC5 PC4
Multicast receiver
Types of IP Network Communication

• Unicast
• Broadcast
• Multicast
PC2

PC3

PC1

PC5 PC4
Types of IP Network Communication

• Unicast
• Broadcast
• Multicast
PC2

PC3

PC1

PC5 PC4
Types of IP Network Communication

• Unicast
• Broadcast
• Multicast
PC2

PC3
Multicast receiver
PC1
Multicast source

PC5 PC4
Multicast receiver
IP Address Types

• Network address: Identifies a network, which is also called a network number. In a

network address, the host bits are all 0s. An example is 192.168.1.0/24.

• Broadcast address: Indicates a special address used to send data to all hosts on a
network. In a broadcast address, the host bits are all 1s. An example is 192.168.1.255/24.

• Host address: Indicates the IP address that can be allocated to a network node. The
network address or broadcast address cannot be directly used by a network node.
IP Address Types

Taking class C address 192.168.1.0 as an example, what are the network address,
broadcast address, and the IP addresses that can be allocated to hosts?
VLSM

• Why IP subnetting?

172.16.0.1 172.16.0.2 172.16.255.253 172.16.255.254

……

172.16.0.0

• A class B address is used for a broadcast domain, causing

address waste.
• There are lots of broadcast domains. Once a broadcast storm
occurs, huge pressure will be exerted on the internal network.
VLSM

• Why IP subnetting?

172.16.1.0

172.16.3.0

172.16.4.0

172.16.2.0

• One network address is divided into multiple subnets each of

which is allocated to a broadcast domain.
• The smaller scale of broadcast domains makes network planning
more appropriate.
• IP addresses are well used.
How to Perform Subnetting
How to Perform Subnetting

Borrowing bits from

the host part

Subnet 1: 172.16.0.0
Mask: 255.255.128.0
Host: 172.16.0.1 – 172.16.127.254
Broadcast address: 172.16.127.255

Subnet 2: 172.16.128.0
Mask: 255.255.128.0
Host: 172.16.128.1 – 172.16.255.254
Broadcast address: 172.16.255.255
Network bits Host bits

Subnet bit
How to Perform Subnetting for 192.168.1.0/25

Default mask/24

192.168.1.0

Default mask/24

192.168.1.0

New mask/25
How to Perform Subnetting for 192.168.1.0/25

192.168.1.0

Default mask/25

Network address of subnet 1

Network address of subnet 2

How to Perform Subnetting for 192.168.1.0/25

192.168.1.0

New mask/25

Network address of subnet 1

Broadcast address of subnet 1

Network address of subnet 2

Broadcast address of subnet 2

How to Perform Subnetting

1. Determine the type of an IP address and work out the mask.

2. Change the mask of the IP address to obtain the subnet.
3. Determine the subnet number.
4. Determine the host segment.
5. Determine the broadcast address.
VLSM

 How to perform subnetting?

m Number of subnets generated after bits are

2 = borrowed from the host part

 Here, m indicates the number of bits borrowed.

n Number of available host IP addresses in each

2 -2= subnet after bits are borrowed from the host part

 Here, n indicates the number of remaining bits after m bits are borrowed
from the host part.
 The reason for -2 is that the network address and broadcast address in
each subnet are unavailable.
Can 192.168.1.64/27 Be Allocated to PCs?
IP Address Types

• Private IP address space

Private IP addresses can be used on LANs but cannot be used to access the
public network (Internet). To use private IP addresses to access the public
network, use NAT.

10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8)

172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12)
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0 /16)