The

Cardiovascular
System
Definition

• sometimes called the circulatory system

• an organ system
• powered by the body’s hardest-working organ – the heart
Purpose

• transports materials to and from all the cells of the body

• carries oxygen from the lungs, nutrients from the digestive system,
hormones from glands of the endocrine system, and waste materials
from cells throughout the body
Organs/Components

Main components:

Blood Heart Blood vessel

The Blood
The Blood

• A type of connective tissue that consists of a liquid matrix

containing cells and cell fragments
• Makes up about 8% of total body weight
• Total blood volume is about 4-5 liters in the average adult female
and 5-6 liters in the average adult male
Functions

1. Transports gases, nutrients, and waste products

2. Transport of processed molecules
3. Transport of regulatory molecules
4. Regulation of pH and osmosis
5. Maintenance of body temperature
6. Protection against foreign substances
7. Clot formation
Composition of Blood
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EDITION
Composition of Blood
Plasma
Plasma Proteins

• Albumin
-makes up 58% of the plasma proteins
-helps keep fluid in your bloodstream so it doesn't leak into other tissues
-a protein made by your liver
• Globulins
-makes up 38% of the plasma proteins
-made in your liver by your immune system
-play an important role in liver function, blood clotting, and fighting infection
Plasma Proteins

• Fibrinogen
-makes up 4% of plasma proteins
-a clotting factor
-activation of clotting factor factors converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Composition of Plasma

Plasma Components Functions and Examples

Water Acts as a solvent and suspending medium for blood components
Proteins Maintain osmotic pressure (albumin), destroy foreign substances (antibodies
and complement), transport molecules (albumin and globulins), and forms
clots (fibrinogen)
Ions Involved in osmotic pressure, membrane potentials, and acid-base balance
Nutrients Source of energy and “building blocks” of more complex molecules
Gases Involved in aerobic respiration (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
Waste products Breakdown products of protein metabolism (urea and ammonia salts) and red
blood cells
Regulatory substances Catalyze chemical reactions (enzymes) and stimulate or inhibit many body
functions (hormones)
Composition of Blood
Formed Elements
Hematopoiesis

• hemato-, blood + poiesis, making

• the process that produces formed elements (blood)
• continuous in our lives
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EDITION
Formed Elements
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

• contains O2 carrying iron and protein (hemoglobin)

• most abundant formed element (98.5%)
Hemoglobin (HgB)

• red pigmented molecule

• each hemoglobin molecule
consists of four protein chains
and four heme groups

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Hemoglobin

• a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body's
organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs
and tissues back to your lungs
• If a hemoglobin test reveals that your hemoglobin level is lower
than normal, it means you have a low red blood cell count (anemia).
Photo from: SEELEY’S ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY, NINTH
EDITION
Characteristics of RBC

• Biconcave Disc Shape

Easily bends and folds to reach
to minute vessels
Increase its surface area
• No nucleus & some organelles
Undergoes anaerobic metabolism
due to lack of mitochondria

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Characteristics of RBC

• Red in color
Hemoglobin (red pigmentation)
• Life span: 120 days for males
and 110 days for females
• Normal value of RBC
Men: 5.4million/microliter
Female: 4.8million/microliter

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Hematocrit
Hematocrit (Hct)

• volume of packed red cells (VPRC) occupied with cellular elements

(ratio of solvent to solute concentration of blood)
• Normal count: Male: 46%
Female: 42%
Implication: Hct (dehydrated blood)
Hct (hypervolemia blood)
Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis

• production of red blood cells

• kidney produces erythropoietin

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EDITION
Formed Elements
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

• spherical cells that lack hemoglobin

• larger than red blood cells
• protects the body against invading microorganisms and other
pathogens
• removes dead cells and debris from the tissues by phagocytosis
Characteristics of WBC

1. Has nucleus, larger in size 8. Moves out of blood vessels

2. Oval round shape  Chemotaxis- transportation in the cite
3. Has no hemoglobin and injury
4. 2 divisions: Granulocytes & Agranulocytes a. Margination- when WBC
5. Life span: 9 days line up
6. Normal count: 5,000 – 10,000 b. Pavementation- sticking of
cells/microliter
WBC in the walls
7. Movement: Amoebid Movement (gliding
motion)
c. Transmigration- squeeze out in
endothelium
WBC Differentials/Types

1. Neutrophils
most abundant and first arrive
phagocytosis and secretion of
lysosomes
life span: 10 hours
WBC Differentials/Types

2. Eosinophils
acid-loving granulocyte
leave out of blood vessels
combats inflammation and allergic
reaction
Respond to parasites
 Eosinophils: parasite infestation,
allergic reaction
WBC Differentials/Types

3. Basophils
base-loving
least abundant
triggers inflammatory and
allergic reaction
Releases: heparin, histamine,
serotonin
WBC Differentials/Types

4. Monocytes
last to arrive
largest of all WBCs
enlarges and becomes
macrophages (has capacity to
combat microbes 10x bigger
than its size)
WBC Differentials/Types

5. Lymphocytes
responsible for immunity/immune
response
3 Major Combatants in the Body:
a. B-cells/B-lymphocytes
b. T-cells/T-lymphocytes
c. Natural Killer Cells (NK)
Formed Elements
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Platelets (Thrombocytes)

• consists of some cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane

• produced in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes
• cellular fragments coming from megakaryocytes
• seals small breaks (platelet plug)
• seals large breaks (coagulation)
Characteristics of Platelets (Thrombocytes)

1. Oval-disc shape
2. Irregular spindles
3. Nearly colorless
4. Lifespan: 5-9 days
5. Normal count: 150,000-500,000 cells/microliter
Hemostasis

• a sequence of responses that stops bleeding and can prevent

hemorrhage from smaller blood vessels
• 3 Main Components of Hemostasis
Vasoconstriction or Vascular Spasm
Platelet Aggregation or Platelet Plug Formation
Coagulation or Blood Clotting
Vasoconstriction/Vascular Spasm

• Results from contraction of the smooth muscle of the vessel wall or also
known as vascular spasm
• Constriction of blocks small blood vessels, thus preventing blood flow
through them
• The action of the sympathetic nervous system is to cause vasoconstriction,
which restricts blood flow for several minutes to several hours
• Platelets release thromboxane
Platelet Aggregation/Platelet Plug Formation

• Platelets adhere to the exposed collagen fibers of the connective

tissue of the damaged blood vessels
• Platelets release adenosine diphosphate , thromboxane and other
chemicals that make other platelets in the area stick, and they’ll
clump together to form a platelet plug
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EDITION
Coagulation/Blood Clotting

• Important process to maintain homeostasis

• Has visible and present fibrin
• Does not start until 30 sec
Photo from: Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology For Nursing and Healthcare Students, SECOND
Two Pathways of Coagulation

Extrinsic pathway- activated by external trauma that causes blood

to escape from the vascular system
Intrinsic pathway- activated by trauma inside the vascular system,
and is activated by platelets, exposed endothelium, chemicals, or
collagen
3 Stages of Coagulation:

1. activation of clotting factors by connective tissue and chemicals,

resulting in the formation of prothrombinase;
2. conversion of prothrombin to thrombin by prothrombinase;
3. conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.
Control of Clot Formation

• Anticoagulants- prevent clotting factors from forming clots under

normal conditions
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EDITION
Blood Groups
Blood Groups

• dependent on antigen present on RBC cell membrane

• 2 important antigens:
A antigens
B antigens
• 2 blood systems:
ABO system
RH system
Blood Groups
ABO System
Antigen vs Antibody

• Antigen/Agglutinogen (triggers a reaction)

-found in RBC cell membrane
• Antibody/Agglutinin (reacts to antigen)
-found in blood plasma
Photo from: SEELEY’S ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY, NINTH
EDITION
Blood type Antigens Antibodies Can donate blood to Can receive blood from
A Antigen A Anti-B A, AB A, O
B Antigen B Anti-A B, AB B, O
AB Antigen A None AB A, B, AB, O
Antigen B
O None Anti-A A, B, AB, O O
Anti-B
Blood Groups
Rh System
Rh System

• so named because it was first studied in the rhesus monkey

Diagnostic Blood Tests
Type and Crossmatch
Type and Crossmatch

• determines the ABO and Rh blood groups of a blood sample

• cells are separated from the serum and then tested with known
antibodies to determine the type of antigen on the cell surface
Diagnostic Blood Tests
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Complete Blood Count (CBC)

• an analysis of blood that provides much useful information

• A CBC consists of a red blood cell count, hemoglobin and
hematocrit measurements, and a white blood cell count
1. Red blood count- normal for male is 4.6-6.2 million RBC per microliter
of blood; normal for female is 4.2-5.4 million RBC per microliter of blood
2. Hemoglobin measurement- male is 14–18 grams (g) per 100 mL of
blood, and for a female 12–16 g per 100 mL of blood
3. Hematocrit measurement- red blood cells account for 40–52% of the
total blood volume in males and 38–48% in females.
4. White blood count- normally 5000–9000 white blood cells per microliter
of blood
Diagnostic Blood Tests
Differential White Blood Count
Differential White Blood Count

• determines the percentage of each of the five kinds of white blood

cells
• Normally, neutrophils account for 60–70%, lymphocytes 20–25%,
monocytes 3–8%, eosinophils 2–4%, and basophils 0.5–1% of all
white blood cells.
Diagnostic Blood Tests
Clotting
Clotting

• blood’s ability to clot can be assessed by the platelet count and the
prothrombin time measurement.
1. Platelet count- normal platelet count is 250,000–400,000
platelets per microliter of blood
2. Prothrombin time measurement- calculates how long it takes
for the blood to start clotting, which is normally 9–12 seconds
Diagnostic Blood Tests
Blood Chemistry
Blood Chemistry

• composition of materials dissolved or suspended in the plasma can

be used to assess the functioning of many of the body’s systems
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EDITION
The Heart
The Heart

• a muscular organ in the chest

• located behind and slightly left of the breastbone
• pumps blood through the network of arteries and veins
• maintains pressure
Functions of the Heart

1. Generating blood pressure

2. Routing blood
3. Ensuring one-way blood flow
4. Regulating blood supply
Layers of the Heart
Layers of the Heart

• Epicardium (outer wall)

-thin, transparent layers
-composed of mesothelium (external surface) and connective
tissue (fused with myocardium)
• Myocardium (middle layer)
-muscular layer of the heart
-constitutes/composed of cardiac muscle tissue, blood vessels, &
nerves
 -primarily responsible for the pumping action of the heart
-innovated by cardiac muscles
• Endocardium (inner layer)
-constitutes/composed of squamous epithelium
-lines continuously with the blood vessels
-composed of valves, tendons, and papillary muscles
Autonomic /Structural Considerations

• Location:
-within the thorax, between the lungs and superior to
the diaphragm
-2/3 of the heart’s mass is located at the left side of the
sternal border
Autonomic /Structural Considerations

• Size & Shape:

-cone-shaped (drenched fist)
-approximately
Length: 12cm. (4.5 inches)
Width: 9cm. (3.5 inches)
Autonomic /Structural Considerations

• Coverings (pericardium):
-surrounds and encloses
the heart
-protects the heart and
holds the heart in place
2 parts of the Pericardium

Fibrosis Pericardium (outer)

• tough inelastic and dense • 2 layers:
• prevents outstanding and anchors the a) Parietal S.P (outer)
heart -fused/attached to
• highly resistant to overdistention fibrous pericardium
b) Visceral S.P (inner)
-attached and fused to
• thinner, more delicate, & smooth the heart tissues or the
• attached to the heart tissue or muscle epicardium
Heart Structure
 The Heart: Four Chambers

Chambers Functions
Left ventricle -considered as the
Right atrium -receives blood from the “strongest chamber”
veins and pumps it to the -pumps oxygen-rich
right ventricle blood to the rest of the
Right ventricle -receives blood from the body
right atrium and pumps it
to the lungs, where it is
loaded with oxygen

Left atrium -receives deoxygenated

blood from the lungs and
pumps it to the left
ventricle
Heart Valves
The Heart: Heart Valves

• ensures that blood flows in one

direction only
• like doors in each division of the
heart
• forward flow
Heart Valves

Atrioventricular Valves Semilunar Valves

• ensures blood flows from • ensures blood flows from
atrium to ventricles ventricles to arteries
Heart Valves
Atrioventricular Valves
a) Tricuspid valve
-3 cusps
-the more cusps, the
stronger the door
-valve between R atrium
and R ventricle
b) Bicuspid valve
-valves between L atrium and L
ventricles
Semilunar Valves
a) Pulmonic Semilunar Valve
-valves between right ventricle
and pulmonary artery
*weakest valve: Mitral valve
b) Aortic Semilunar Valve
-from left ventricle to aorta
Blood Flow
 Blood flow

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EDITION
Blood Flow
 Blood Supply

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EDITION
Electrical Activity of the
Activity of the Heart
Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac Muscle

• can generate its own action potential in the absence of neurons

• works to keep your heart pumping through involuntary movements
• nervous system sends signals to pacemaker cells that prompt them
to either speed up or slow down your heart rate
• pacemaker cells are connected to other cardiac muscle cells,
allowing them to pass along signals
Cardiac Muscle

• Intercalated discs
 are small connections that join cardiac
muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) to each other
• Gap junctions
 are part of the intercalated discs
• Nucleus
 contains all of the cell’s genetic material
 cardiac muscle cells typically only have
one nucleus
Heart Sounds
Heart Sounds

• S1 (“lubb”) – ventricular systole/ ventricular contracting

• S2 (“dubb”) – ventricular diastole/ relaxation
• S3 (Abnormal sounds) – ventricular gallop
Electrical Activity of the
Activity of the Heart
Conduction System
Conduction System

• consists of cardiac muscle cells and conducting fibers (not nervous

tissue) that are specialized for initiating impulses and conducting
them rapidly through the heart (see the image below)
• initiates the normal cardiac cycle and coordinate the contractions of
cardiac chambers. Both atria contract together, as do the ventricles,
but atrial contraction occurs first.
Components of Conduction System
Components of Conduction System

• Sinoatrial Nodes (SA)

pacemaker
near the opening of SVC and RA
where action potential begins
distributes impulse to the rest of atria
rate of impulse: 70-100/min.
Components of Conduction System

• Atrioventricular Nodes (AV)

Located at the interatrial septum, just anterior to the coronary sinus
Slows the impulse/action potential
ensures that atria finishes contracting first before ventricles starts to
contract
rate of impulse: 40-50/min.
Components of Conduction System

• Bundle of His/ Atrioventricular Bundle

 a continuation of the specialized tissue of the AV node, and serves to transmit the
electrical impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers of the ventricles
• Purkinje Fibers
are a network of specialized cells
located in the subendocardial surface of the ventricular walls
able to rapidly transmit cardiac action potentials from the atrioventricular bundle
to the myocardium of the ventricles
Electrical Activity of the
Activity of the Heart
Electrocardiogram
Electrocardiogram

• also called ECGs or EKGs

• records the electrical signals in
your heart
• a common and painless test
used to quickly detect heart
problems and monitor your
heart's health
Definition of terms

• depolarization = contraction
• repolarization = relaxation
Electrocardiogram

3 Most Common Recognizable Waves:

1. P-waves
• atrial depolarization/atrial systole (contraction)
• small upward deflection
2. QRS complex
• ventricular depolarization/ventricular systole
(contraction)
• Starts with a small downward deflection (Q), and a
triangular upward deflection (R), a downward wave
(S)
Electrocardiogram

3. T-waves
• ventricular repolarization, diastole,
relaxation
• dome-shaped upward deflection
Electrocardiogram

Common Intervals of ECG

 is a duration of time that includes one segment and one or
more waves.
1. PR Interval
• onset of atrial depolarization to the peak of ventricular
depolarization
2. QRS Interval
• covers the QRS complex from beginning to end
3. QT Interval
• captures the beginning of ventricular depolarization through
the plateau phase to the ventricular repolarization
Electrocardiogram

Common Segments of ECG

 the region between two waves
1. PR segment
• depolarization of the AV node
2. ST segment
• covers the QRS complex from beginning to end
3. TP segment
• found between the end of the T wave and the beginning
of the next P wave
• it is the true isoelectric segment in the ECG
Regulation of Heart Function
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Regulation of the Heart
Regulation of Heart Function

• Cardiac output (CO) Cardiac output can be calculated

total volume of blood pumped by by multiplying the stroke volume
ventricles in 1 minute
times the heart rate:
• Stroke volume (SV)
total amount of blood pumped by
ventricles per beat CO (mL/min) = SV (mL/beat) x HR
• Heart rate (HR) (beats/min)
number of times the heart beats per
minute
Regulation of Heart Function
Intrinsic Regulation
• intrinsic ability of the heart to adapt
to changing volumes of inflowing
blood
• known as the Frank-Starling
mechanism (law) of the heart
Extrinsic Regulation
• controls of the cardiovascular system
include neuronal, humoral, reflex, and
chemical regulatory mechanisms
• These extrinsic controls regulate heart rate,
myocardial contractility, and vascular
smooth muscle to maintain cardiac output,
blood flow distribution, and arterial blood
pressure.
2 Types of Extrinsic Regulation of the Heart
Nervous Regulation: Baroreceptor
Chemical Regulation: Chemoreceptor
Reflex
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EDITION Reflex
The Blood Vessels
Blood Vessels

• transports blood throughout the body

• 3 major types of blood vessels:
 Arteries- carries blood away from the
heart
 Capillaries- enables the actual exchange
of water, nutrients and chemicals
between the blood and the tissues
 Veins- carry blood from the capillaries
back towards the heart
Functions

1. Carries blood
2. Exchanges nutrients, waste products, and gases with tissues
3. Transports substances
4. Helps regulate blood pressure
5. Directs blood flow to the tissues
Structure

For most of the blood vessels,

the walls consists of three layers:

• the tunica interna

• the tunica media
• the tunica externa (adventia)
Structure

• tunica interna
a thin layer (only a few cells thick) of a vein and artery
sometimes referred to as the intima membrane
gives smoothness to the lining of the vessel, enhancing blood flow
varies in thickness between the blood vessels:
a. arteries- most elastic tissue
b. veins- very little tissue
c. capillaries- no elastic layer
Structure

• tunica media
 consists of elastic fibers and smooth muscle that allow for vasoconstriction, changing blood
flow and pressure
 supplied by the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system
 when stimulated, the walls contract, narrowing the lumen and increasing pressure within
the blood vessel:
a. arteries- varies by the size of the artery
b. veins- thin layer
c. capillaries- do not have tunica media
Structure

• tunica externa (adventia)

consists of collagen fibers and varies in thickness between the vessels
collagen serves to anchor the blood vessel to nearby organs, giving it
support and stability:
a. arteries- relatively thick
b. veins- relatively thick
c. capillaries- very delicate
Arteries vs. Veins

Arteries Veins
Transport blood away from the heart Transport blood to the heart
Carry oxygenated blood, except the pulmonary and Carry deoxygenated blood, except the pulmonary
umbilical arteries and umbilical veins
Have a narrow lumen Have a wider lumen
Have more elastic tissue Have less elastic tissue
Do not have valves Do not have valves
Transport blood under pressure Transport blood under low pressure
 Arteries

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 Arteries

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 Arteries

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 Arteries

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 Arteries

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 Arteries

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 Arteries

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 Arteries

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 Veins

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 Veins

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 Veins

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 Veins

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 Veins

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 Veins

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 Veins

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 Capillaries

• tiny blood vessels

• approximately 5-10 µm in
diameter
• composed of single layer cells,
the endothelium

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Blood pressure
Blood pressure

• pressure exerted by blood within the blood vessel

• the pressure is at its greatest near the heart and decreases as the
blood moves further from the heart
Blood pressure

3 factors that regulate blood pressure:

• Neuronal regulation- through the autonomic nervous system
• Hormonal regulation- adrenaline, noradrenaline, renin and others
• Autoregulation- through the renin-angiotensin system
Physiological factors regulating blood pressure

• Cardiac output
• Circulating volume
• Peripheral resistance
• Blood viscosity
• Hydrostatic pressure
Diseases
 Abnormal Heart Rhythms or Arrhythmias

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Aorta Disease and Marfan Syndrome

• These two conditions can cause the aorta to widen or tear. This raises the
chance of things like:
Atherosclerosis (hardened arteries)
High blood pressure
Connective tissue disorders that can weaken your blood vessel walls, such as
scleroderma, osteogenesis imperfecta, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and polycystic
kidney disease
Injury
Congenital Heart Disease

• A congenital heart defect is a problem • Signs and symptoms of severe

with the structure of the heart.
defects in newborns include
• It is present at birth.
• most common type of birth defect
 Rapid breathing
• defects can involve the walls of the  Cyanosis - a bluish tint to the
heart, the valves of the heart, and the skin, lips, and fingernails
arteries and veins near the heart
• can disrupt the normal flow of blood
 Fatigue
through the heart  Poor blood circulation
Coronary Artery Disease

• narrowing of the arteries

• usually caused by atherosclerosis (the buildup of cholesterol and fatty deposits (called
plaques) on the inner walls of the arteries)
• can't supply enough oxygen-rich blood to your heart — especially when it's beating hard,
such as during exercise
• Symptoms:
 Chest pain (angina)
 Shortness of breath
 Heart attack
Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary
Embolism

• usually happens when a blood clot • Symptoms and Diagnosis

called a deep vein thrombosis  Chest pain, which may get worse with a deep
(DVT), often in your leg, travels to breath

your lungs and blocks a blood vessel  Sudden shortness of breath or rapid breathing
 Fast heartbeat
• leads to low oxygen levels in your
 Sudden cough
blood
 Coughing up blood
• can damage the lung and other
 Lightheadedness or fainting
organs and cause heart failure, too
 Anxiety
Heart Attack

• occurs when the flow of blood to

the heart is blocked
• also called a myocardial infarction
• blockage is most often a buildup of
fat, cholesterol and other
substances, which form a plaque in
the arteries that feed the heart
(coronary arteries)
Heart Attack

• Symptoms
Common heart attack signs and symptoms include:
 Pressure, tightness, pain, or a squeezing or aching
sensation in your chest or arms that may spread to
your neck, jaw or back
 Nausea, indigestion, heartburn or abdominal pain
 Shortness of breath
 Cold sweat
 Fatigue
 Lightheadedness or sudden dizziness
Heart Failure

• sometimes known as congestive heart  Reduced ability to exercise

failure
• occurs when your heart muscle doesn't
pump blood as well as it should
• Symptoms:
 Shortness of breath (dyspnea) when you
exert yourself or when you lie down
 Fatigue and weakness
 Persistent cough or wheezing with
white or pink blood-tinged phlegm
 Increased need to urinate at night
 Swelling of your abdomen (ascites)
 Very rapid weight gain from fluid
retention
Heart Failure

Lack of appetite and nausea

Difficulty concentrating or
decreased alertness
Sudden, severe shortness of breath
and coughing up pink, foamy
mucus
Chest pain if your heart failure is
caused by a heart attack
Heart Muscle Disease (Cardiomyopathy)
• a disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for
your heart to pump blood to the rest of your body
• can lead to heart failure
• Main types of cardiomyopathy:
 Dilated
 Hypertrophic
 Restrictive
• Symptoms
There might be no signs or symptoms in the early stages
of cardiomyopathy. But as the condition advances, signs
and symptoms usually appear, including:
 Breathlessness with exertion or even at rest
 Swelling of the legs, ankles and feet
 Bloating of the abdomen due to fluid buildup
 Cough while lying down
 Fatigue
 Heartbeats that feel rapid, pounding or
fluttering
 Chest discomfort or pressure
 Dizziness, lightheadedness and fainting
Heart Valve Disease
• occurs if one or more of your heart
valves don't work well
• birth defects, age-related changes,
infections, or other conditions can
cause one or more of your heart valves
to not open fully or to let blood leak
back into the heart chambers
• can make your heart work harder and
affect its ability to pump blood
• Signs and Symptoms
Heart murmur
Unusual fatigue (tiredness)
Shortness of breath, especially
when you exert yourself or when
you're lying down
Swelling in your ankles, feet, legs,
abdomen, and veins in the neck
Pericardial Disease (Pericarditis)

• inflammation of any of the layers Tumors

of the pericardium Cancer

• Causes of pericarditis include: Radiation

Autoimmune diseases (such as
Infections rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or
Heart surgery scleroderma)For some people, no cause
can be found.
Heart attack
Pericarditis can be acute (occurring
Trauma suddenly) or chronic (long-standing).
Pericardial Disease (Pericarditis)

• For some people, no cause can • Symptoms may include:

be found. Chest pain
• Pericarditis can be acute Low-grade fever
(occurring suddenly) or chronic
Increased heart rate
(long-standing).
Peripheral Vascular Disease
• is a blood circulation disorder that
causes the blood vessels outside of
your heart and brain to narrow,
block, or spasm
• can happen in your arteries or veins
• typically causes pain and fatigue,
often in your legs, and especially
during exercise
• is also known as:
arteriosclerosis obliterans
arterial insufficiency of the
legs
Claudication
intermittent claudication
Peripheral Vascular Disease: 2 Main Types

Functional PVD Organic PVD

• no physical damage to your blood • involves changes in blood vessel
vessels’ structure structure like inflammation, plaques,
• vessels widen and narrow in response and tissue damage
other factors like brain signals and
temperature changes
• narrowing causes blood flow to
decrease
Peripheral Vascular Disease: 2 Main Types

Functional PVD Organic PVD

• Causes: • Causes:
emotional stress smoking
cold temperatures high blood pressure
operating vibrating machinery or diabetes
tools high cholesterol
drugs
Peripheral Vascular Disease

• Symptoms
may feel discomfort like fatigue and cramping in your legs and feet
that gets worse with physical activity due to the lack of blood flow
claudication
Peripheral Vascular Disease

Area of pain Symptoms

• Other symptoms of PVD
include: legs
reduced hair growth,
cramps when lying in bed

legs and arms turn reddish blue or pale

thin or pale skin, weak

legs and feet pulses, wounds, or ulcers
that won’t heal
blue color, severe burning,
toes or thick and opaque toe
nails
muscles feel numb or heavy
Rheumatic Heart Disease

• a condition in which permanent damage to heart valves is caused by rheumatic

fever
• heart valve is damaged by a disease process that generally begins with a strep
throat caused by bacteria called Streptococcus, and may eventually cause
rheumatic fever
• can affect many connective tissues, especially in the heart, joints, skin, or brain
• often causes heart damage, particularly scarring of the heart valves, forcing
the heart to work harder to pump blood
Rheumatic Heart Disease

• Symptoms:
 Joint inflammation
 Small nodules or hard, round bumps under the skin
 A change in your child's neuromuscular movements (this is usually noted by a change in your child's
handwriting and may also include jerky movements)
 Rash (a pink rash with odd edges that is usually seen on the trunk of the body or arms and legs)
 Fever
 Weight loss
 Fatigue
 Stomach pains
Stroke

• stroke is a sudden interruption in the blood supply of the brain

• most strokes are caused by an abrupt blockage of arteries leading to the brain
(ischemic stroke)
• also called a brain attack
• symptoms of a stroke last only a short time (less than an hour), this is called a
transient ischemic attack (TIA) or mini-stroke
• sometimes people with stroke have a headache, but stroke can also be
completely painless
Stroke

• Types of Stroke
 Ischemic Stroke
-most common type of stroke, accounting for almost 80 percent of all strokes, is caused by a clot or
other blockage within an artery leading to the brain
 Intracerebral Hemorrhage
-intracerebral hemorrhage is a type of stroke caused by the sudden rupture of an artery within the
brain
 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
-differs from an intracerebral hemorrhage in that the location of the rupture leads to blood filling the
space surrounding the brain rather than inside of it
Vascular Disease (Blood Vessel Disease)

• is any abnormal condition of

the blood vessels (arteries and
veins)
• problems along this vast
network can cause severe
disability and death